General Chemistry and Law of Thermodynamics Questions

2NH3(g) + 3N2O(g)  4N2(g) + 3H2O(g)

Fundamental Constants
Name
Symbol
Value
Avogadro’s Number
N
6.022 × 1023 mol-1
Boltzmann’s Constant
kb
1.381 × 10-23 J K-1
Electron Charge
e
1.602 × 10-19 C
F = Ne
9.649 × 104 C mol electrons-1
Faraday’s Constant
8.314 J mol-1 K-1
Ideal Gas Constant
R = Nkb
0.08206 L atm mol-1 K-1
8.314 L kPa mol-1 K-1
Planck’s Constant
h
6.626 × 10-34 J s
Rydberg Constant
R
1.097 × 107 m-1
Speed of Light (in vacuum)
c
2.998 × 108 m s-1
Standard Acceleration (due to gravity)
g
9.807 m s-2
Universal Gravitational Constant
G
6.674 × 10-11 m3 kg-1 s-2
Vacuum Permittivity
εo
8.854 × 10-12 C2 J-1 m-1
Mass of Electron
me
9.109 × 10-31 kg
Mass of Neutron
mn
1.675 × 10-27 kg
Mass of Proton
mp
1.673 × 10-27 kg
Solubility Product Constants (Ksp at 25 oC)
Type
Bromides
Carbonates
Chlorides
Chromates
Formula
Ksp
PbBr2
6.3 × 10-6
AgBr
3.3 × 10-13
BaCO3
8.1 × 10-9
CaCO3
3.8 × 10-9
CoCO3
8.0 × 10-13
CuCO3
2.5 × 10-10
FeCO3
3.5 × 10-11
PbCO3
1.5 × 10-13
MgCO3
4.0 × 10-5
MnCO3
1.8 × 10-11
NiCO3
6.6 × 10-9
Ag2CO3
8.1 × 10-12
ZnCO3
1.5 × 10-11
PbCl2
1.7 × 10-5
AgCl
1.8 × 10-10
BaCrO4
2.0 × 10-10
CaCrO4
7.1 × 10-4
PbCrO4
1.8 × 10-14
Solubility Product Constants (Ksp at 25 oC)
Type
Cyanides
Fluorides
Hydroxides
Formula
Ksp
Ag2CrO4
9.0 × 10-12
Ni(CN)2
3.0 × 10-23
AgCN
1.2 × 10-16
Zn(CN)2
8.0 × 10-12
BaF2
1.7 × 10-6
CaF2
3.9 × 10-11
PbF2
3.7 × 10-8
MgF2
6.4 × 10-9
AgOH
2.0 × 10-8
Al(OH)3
1.9 × 10-33
Ca(OH)2
7.9 × 10-6
Cr(OH)3
6.7 × 10-31
Co(OH)2
2.5 × 10-16
Cu(OH)2
1.6 × 10-19
Fe(OH)2
7.9 × 10-15
Fe(OH)3
6.3 × 10-38
Pb(OH)2
2.8 × 10-16
Mg(OH)2
1.5 × 10-11
Solubility Product Constants (Ksp at 25 oC)
Type
Iodides
Oxalates
Phosphates
Sulfates
Formula
Ksp
Mn(OH)2
4.6 × 10-14
Ni(OH)2
2.8 × 10-16
Zn(OH)2
4.5 × 10-17
PbI2
8.7 × 10-9
AgI
1.5 × 10-16
BaC2O4
1.1 × 10-7
CaC2O4
2.3 × 10-9
MgC2O4
8.6 × 10-5
AlPO4
1.3 × 10-20
Ba3(PO4)2
1.3 × 10-29
Ca3(PO4)2
1.0 × 10-25
CrPO4
2.4 × 10-23
Pb3(PO4)2
3.0 × 10-44
Ag3PO4
1.3 × 10-20
Zn3(PO4)2
9.1 × 10-33
BaSO4
1.1 × 10-10
CaSO4
2.4 × 10-5
PbSO4
1.8 × 10-8
Ag2SO4
1.7 × 10-5
Solubility Product Constants (Ksp at 25 oC)
Type
Sul ides
Sul ites
Ksp
Formula
CaS
8 × 10-6
CoS
5.9 × 10-21
CuS
7.9 × 10-37
FeS
4.9 × 10-18
Fe2S3
1.4 × 10-88
PbS
3.2 × 10-28
MnS
5.1 × 10-15
NiS
3.0 × 10-21
Ag2S
1.0 × 10-49
ZnS
2.0 × 10-25
BaSO3
8.0 × 10-7
CaSO3
1.3 × 10-8
Ag2SO3
1.5 × 10-14
Selected Thermodynamic Data
at 298.15 Kelvin
Aluminum, Barium, Beryllium, Bromine, Cadmium, Calcium, Carbon, Chlorine,
Chromium, Copper, Fluorine, Hydrogen, Iodine, Iron, Lead, Magnesium, Manganese,
Mercury, Nickel, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Silver, Sodium,
Sulfur, Tin, Titanium, Uranium, Xenon, Zinc
Aluminum
Al (s)
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
0
0
28.3
AlCl3 (s)
-704.2
-628.8
110.7
Al2O3 (s)
-1675.7
-1582.3
50.9
Al(OH)3 (s)
-1277.0
Barium
Ba (s)
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
0
0
67.0
BaCl2 (s)
-858.6
-810.4
123.7
BaCO3 (s)
-1219.0
-1139.0
112.0
BaO (s)
-553.5
-525.1
70.4
Ba(OH)2 (s)
-946.0
BaSO4 (s)
-1473.2
-1362.2
132.2
Beryllium
Be (s)
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
0
0
9.5
BeO (s)
-599.0
-569.0
14.0
Be(OH)2 (s)
-902.5
-815.0
51.9
Bromine
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
Br (g)
111.9
82.4
175.0
Br2 (l)
0
0
152.2
Br2 (g)
30.9
3.1
245.5
Br2 (aq)
-3.0
4.0
130.0
Br- (aq)
-121.0
-106.9
82.0
Bromine
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
BrF3 (g)
-255.6
-229.4
292.5
HBr (g)
-36.3
-53.5
198.7
Cadmium
Cd (s)
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
0
0
52.0
CdO (s)
-258.0
-228.0
55.0
Cd(OH)2 (s)
-561.0
-474.0
96.0
CdS (s)
-162.0
-156.0
65.0
CdSO4 (s)
-935.0
-823.0
123.0
Calcium
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
Ca (s)
0
0
41.4
Ca (g)
178.2
144.3
158.9
Ca2+ (g)
1925.9
CaC2 (s)
-59.8
-64.9
70.0
CaCO3 (s, calcite)
-1206.9
-1128.8
92.9
CaCl2 (s)
-795.8
-748.1
104.6
CaF2 (s)
-1219.6
-1167.3
68.9
CaH2 (s)
-186.2
-147.2
42.0
CaO (s)
-635.1
-604.0
39.8
CaS (s)
-482.4
-477.4
56.5
Ca(OH)2 (s)
-986.1
-898.5
83.4
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
-1002.8
-868.1
-74.5
Ca3(PO4)2 (s)
-4126.0
-3890.0
241.0
CaSO4 (s)
-1434.1
-1321.8
106.7
CaSiO3 (s)
-1630.0
-1550.0
84.0
Carbon
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
C (s, graphite)
0
0
5.7
C (s, diamond)
1.9
2.9
2.4
Carbon
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
C (g)
716.7
671.3
158.1
CCl4 (l)
-135.4
-65.2
216.4
CCl4 (g)
-102.9
-60.6
309.9
CHCl3 (l)
-134.5
-73.7
201.7
CHCl3 (g)
-103.1
-70.3
295.7
CH4 (g)
-74.8
-50.7
186.3
CH3OH (g)
-200.7
-162.0
239.8
CH3OH (l)
-238.7
-166.3
126.8
H2CO (g)
-116.0
-110.0
219.0
HCOOH (g)
-363.0
-351.0
249.0
HCN (g)
135.1
125.0
202.0
C2H2 (g)
226.7
209.2
200.9
C2H4 (g)
52.3
68.2
219.6
CH3CHO (g, acetaldehyde)
-166.0
-129.0
250.0
C2H4O (g, ethylene oxide)
-53.0
-13.0
242.0
CH3CH2OH (l)
-277.7
-174.8
160.7
CH3CH2OH (g)
-235.1
-168.5
282.7
CH3COOH (l)
-484.0
-389.0
160.0
C2H6 (g)
-84.7
-32.8
229.6
C3H6 (g)
20.9
62.7
266.9
C3H8 (g)
-103.8
-23.5
269.9
CH2=CHCN (l)
152.0
190.0
274.0
C6H6 (l)
49.0
124.5
172.8
C6H12O6 (s)
-1275.0
-911.0
212.0
CO (g)
-110.5
-137.2
197.7
CO2 (g)
-393.5
-394.4
213.7
CS2 (g)
117.4
67.1
237.8
COCl2 (g)
-218.8
-204.6
283.5
Chlorine
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
Cl (g)
121.7
105.7
165.2
Cl2 (g)
0
0
223.1
Cl2 (aq)
-23.0
7.0
121.0
Cl- (aq)
-167.0
-131.0
57.0
Cl- (g)
-233.1
HCl (g)
-92.3
-95.3
186.9
HCl (aq)
-167.2
-131.2
56.5
Chromium
Cr (s)
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
0
0
23.8
Cr2O3 (s)
-1139.7
-1058.1
81.2
CrO3 (s)
-579.0
-502.0
72.0
CrCl3 (s)
-556.5
-486.1
123.0
Copper
Cu (s)
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
0
0
33.2
CuCl2 (s)
-220.1
-175.7
108.1
CuCO3 (s)
-595.0
-518.0
88.0
Cu2O (s)
-170.0
-148.0
93.0
CuO (s)
-157.3
-129.7
42.6
Cu(OH)2 (s)
-450.0
-372.0
108.0
CuS (s)
-49.0
-49.0
67.0
Fluorine
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
F2 (g)
0
0
202.8
F (g)
79.0
61.9
158.8
F- (g)
-255.4
F- (aq)
-332.6
-278.8
-13.8
HF (g)
-271.1
-273.2
173.8
HF (aq)
-332.6
-278.8
88.7
Hydrogen
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
H2 (g)
0
0
130.7
H (g)
218.0
203.2
114.7
H+ (g)
1536.2
H+ (aq)
0
OH- (aq)
-230.0
-157.0
-11.0
H2O (l)
-285.8
-237.1
69.9
H2O (g)
-241.8
-228.6
188.8
H2O2 (l)
-187.8
-120.4
109.6
Iodine
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
I2 (s)
0
0
116.1
I2 (g)
62.4
19.3
260.7
I2 (aq)
23.0
16.0
137
I (g)
106.8
70.3
180.8
I- (g)
-197.0
I- (aq)
-55.0
-52.0
106.0
ICl (g)
17.8
-5.5
247.6
Iron
Fe (s)
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
0
0
27.8
Fe3C (s)
21.0
15.0
108.0
FeCl2 (s)
-341.8
-302.3
118.0
FeCl3 (s)
-399.5
-333.9
142.3
Fe0.95O (s) (wustite)
-264.0
-240.0
59.0
FeO (s)
-272.0
Fe3O4 (s, magnetite)
-1118.4
-1015.4
146.4
Fe2O3 (s, hematite)
-824.2
-742.2
87.4
FeS (s)
-95.0
-97.0
67.0
FeS2 (s, pyrite)
-178.2
-166.9
52.9
Iron
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
FeSO4 (s)
-929.0
-825.0
121.0
Fe(CO)5 (l)
-774.0
-705.3
338.1
Lead
Pb (s)
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
0
0
64.8
PbCl2 (s)
-359.4
-314.1
136.0
PbO (s, yellow)
-217.3
-187.9
68.7
PbO2 (s)
-277.0
-217.0
69.0
PbS (s)
-100.4
-98.7
91.2
PbSO4 (s)
-920.0
-813.0
149.0
Magnesium
Mg (s)
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
0
0
32.7
MgCl2 (s)
-641.3
-591.8
89.6
MgCO3 (s)
-1095.8
-1012.1
65.7
MgO (s)
-601.7
-569.4
26.9
Mg(OH)2 (s)
-924.5
-833.5
63.2
MgS (s)
-346.0
-341.8
50.3
Manganese
Mn (s)
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
0
0
32.0
MnO (s)
-385.0
-363.0
60.0
Mn3O4 (s)
-1387.0
-1280.0
149.0
Mn2O3 (s)
-971.0
-893.0
110.0
MnO2 (s)
-521.0
-466.0
53.0
MnO4- (aq)
-543.0
-449.0
190.0
Mercury
Hg (l)
HgCl2 (s)
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
0
0
75.9
-224.3
-178.6
146.0
Mercury
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
Hg2Cl2(s)
-265.4
HgO (s, red)
-90.8
-58.5
70.3
HgS (s, red)
-58.2
-50.6
82.4
Nickel
Ni (s)
-210.7 191.7
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
0
0
29.9
NiCl2 (s)
-305.3
-259.0
97.7
NiO (s)
-239.7
-211.7
38.0
Ni(OH)2 (s)
-538.0
-453.0
79.0
NiS (s)
-93.0
-90.0
53.0
Nitrogen
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
N2 (g)
0
0
191.6
N (g)
472.7
455.6
153.3
NH3 (g)
-46.1
-16.5
192.5
NH3 (aq)
-80.0
-27.0
111.0
NH4+ (aq)
-132.0
-79.0
113.0
NO (g)
90.3
86.6
210.8
NOCl (g)
51.7
66.1
261.8
NO2 (g)
33.2
51.3
240.1
N2O (g)
82.1
104.2
219.9
N2O4 (g)
9.2
97.9
304.3
N2O4 (l)
-20.0
97.0
209.0
N2O5 (s)
-42.0
134.0
178.0
N2H4 (l)
50.6
149.3
121.2
N2H3CH3 (l)
54.0
180.0
166.0
HNO3 (aq)
-207.4
-111.3
146.4
HNO3 (l)
-174.1
-80.7
155.6
HNO3 (g)
-135.1
-74.7
266.4
Nitrogen
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
NH4ClO4 (s)
-295.0
-89.0
186.0
NH4Cl (s)
-314.4
-202.9
94.6
NH4Cl (aq)
-299.7
-210.5
169.9
NH4NO3 (s)
-365.6
-183.9
151.1
NH4NO3 (aq)
-339.9
-190.6
259.8
Oxygen
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
O2 (g)
0
0
205.1
O (g)
249.2
231.7
161.1
O3 (g)
142.7
163.2
238.9
Phosphorus
P (s, white)
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
0
0
164.4
P (s, red)
-70.4
-48.4
91.2
P (s, black)
-39.0
-33.0
23.0
P (g)
314.6
278.3
163.2
0
0
41.1
P4 (s, red)
-17.6
-12.1
22.8
P4 (g)
59.0
24.0
280.0
PF5 (g)
-1578.0
-1509.0
296.0
PH3 (g)
5.4
13.4
210.2
PCl3 (g)
-287.0
-267.8
311.8
H3PO4 (l)
-1279.0
-1119.1
110.5
H3PO4 (aq)
-1288.0
-1143.0
158.0
P4O10 (s)
-2984.0
-2697.7
228.9
P4 (s, white)
Potassium
K (s)
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
0
0
64.2
KCl (s)
-436.7
-409.1
82.6
KClO3 (s)
-397.7
-296.3
143.1
Potassium
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
KClO4 (s)
-433.0
-304.0
151.0
KI (s)
-327.9
-324.9
106.3
K2O (s)
-361.0
-322.0
98.0
K2O2 (s)
-496.0
-430.0
113.0
KO2 (s)
-283.0
-238.0
117.0
KOH (s)
-424.8
-379.1
78.9
KOH (aq)
-482.4
-440.5
91.6
Silicon
Si (s)
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
0
0
18.3
SiBr4 (l)
-457.3
-443.9
277.8
SiC (s)
-65.3
-62.8
16.6
SiCl4 (g)
-657.0
-617.0
330.7
SiH4 (g)
34.3
56.9
204.6
SiF4 (g)
-1614.9
-1572.7
282.5
SiO2 (s, quartz)
-910.9
-856.6
41.8
Silver
Ag (s)
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
0
0
42.6
Ag+ (aq)
105.0
77.0
73.0
AgBr (s)
-100.0
-97.0
107.0
AgCN (s)
146.0
164.0
84.0
AgCl (s)
-127.1
-109.8
96.2
Ag2CrO4 (s)
-712.0
-622.0
217.0
AgI (s)
-62.0
-66.0
115.0
Ag2O (s)
-31.1
-11.2
121.3
AgNO3 (s)
-124.4
-33.4
140.9
Ag2S (s)
-32.0
-40.0
146.0
Sodium
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
Sodium
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
Na (s)
0
0
51.2
Na (g)
107.3
76.8
153.7
Na+ (g)
609.4
Na+ (aq)
-240.0
-262.0
59.0
NaBr (s)
-361.0
-349.0
86.8
Na2CO3 (s)
-1130.7
-1044.4
135.0
NaHCO3 (s)
-948.0
-852.0
102.0
NaCl (s)
-411.2
-384.1
72.1
NaCl (g)
-176.7
-196.7
229.8
NaCl (aq)
-407.3
-393.1
115.5
NaH (s)
-56.0
-33.0
40.0
NaI (s)
-288.0
-282.0
91.0
NaNO2 (s)
-359.0
NaNO3 (s)
-467.0
-366.0
116.0
Na2O (s)
-416.0
-377.0
73.0
Na2O2 (s)
-515.0
-451.0
95.0
NaOH (s)
-425.6
-379.5
64.5
NaOH (aq)
-470.1
-419.2
48.1
Sulfur
S (s, rhombic)
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
0
0
31.8
0.3
0.1
33.0
S (g)
278.8
238.3
167.8
S2- (aq)
33.0
86.0
-15.0
S8 (g)
102.0
50.0
431.0
S2Cl2 (g)
-18.4
-31.8
331.5
SF6 (g)
-1209.0
-1105.3
291.8
H2S (g)
-20.6
-33.6
205.8
SO2 (g)
-296.8
-300.2
248.2
S (s, monoclinic)
Sulfur
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
SO3 (g)
-395.7
-371.1
256.8
SOCl2 (g)
-212.5
-198.3
309.8
SO42- (aq)
-909.0
-745.0
20.0
H2SO4 (l)
-814.0
-690.0
156.9
H2SO4 (aq)
-909.3
-744.5
20.1
Tin
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
Sn (s, white)
0
0
51.6
Sn (s, gray)
-2.1
0.1
44.1
SnCl4 (l)
-511.3
-440.1
258.6
SnCl4 (g)
-471.5
-432.2
365.8
SnO (s)
-285.0
-257.0
56.0
SnO2 (s)
-580.7
-519.6
52.3
Sn(OH)2 (s)
-561.0
-492.0
155.0
Titanium
Ti (s)
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
0
0
30.6
TiCl4 (l)
-804.2
-737.2
252.3
TiCl4 (g)
-763.2
-726.7
354.9
TiO2 (s)
-939.7
-884.5
49.9
Uranium
U (s)
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
0
0
50.0
UF6 (s)
-2137.0
-2008.0
228.0
UF6 (g)
-2113.0
-2029.0
380.0
UO2 (s)
-1084.0
-1029.0
78.0
U3O8 (s)
-3575.0
-3393.0
282.0
UO3 (s)
-1230.0
-1150.0
99.0
Xenon
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
Xenon
Xe (g)
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
0
0
170.0
XeF2 (g)
-108.0
-48.0
254.0
XeF4 (s)
-251.0
-121.0
146.0
XeF6 (g)
-294.0
XeO3 (s)
402.0
Zinc
Zn (s)
ΔHof (kJ/mol) ΔGof (kJ/mol) So (J/mol K)
0
0
41.6
ZnCl2 (s)
-415.1
-369.4
111.5
ZnO (s)
-348.3
-318.3
43.6
Zn(OH)2 (s)
-642.0
ZnS (s, wurtzite)
-193.0
ZnS (s, zinc blende)
-206.0
-201.3
57.7
ZnSO4 (s)
-983.0
-874.0
120.0
Standard Reduction (Electrode) Potentials at 25 oC
Half-Cell Reaction
F2(g) + 2 e-
2 F-(aq)
Ce4+(aq) + e-
2.87
Ce3+(aq)
1.61
MnO4-(aq) + 8 H+(aq) + 5 eCl2(g) + 2 e-
Mn2+(aq) + 4 H2O(l)
2 Cl-(aq)
O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e-
2 H2O(l)
Fe3+(aq) + e-
2 Hg(l)
Fe2+(aq)
2 I-(aq)
Fe(CN)63-(aq) + e-
Cu2+(aq) + e-
0.96
0.920
0.799
Ag(s)
Hg22+(aq) + 2 e-
1.229
0.855
Hg(l)
Ag+(aq) + e-
Cu2+(aq) + 2 e-
NO(g) + 2 H2O(l)
Hg22+(aq)
Hg2+(aq) + 2 e-
1.33
1.08
NO3-(aq) + 4 H+(aq) + 3 e-
I2(s) + 2 e-
2 Cr3+(aq) + 7 H2O(l)
2 Br-(aq)
2 Hg2+(aq) + 2 e-
1.51
1.36
Cr2O72-(aq) + 14 H+(aq) + 6 e-
Br2(l) + 2 e-
Eo (volts)
0.789
0.771
0.535
Fe(CN)64-(aq)
0.48
Cu(s)
0.337
Cu+(aq)
0.153
S(s) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e-
H2S(aq)
0.14
2 H+(aq) + 2 e-
H2(g)
0.0000
Pb2+(aq) + 2 e-
Pb(s)
-0.126
Sn2+(aq) + 2 e-
Sn(s)
-0.14
Ni2+(aq) + 2 e-
Ni(s)
-0.25
Co 2+(aq) + 2 e-
Co(s)
-0.28
Cd2+(aq) + 2 e-
Cd(s)
-0.403
Standard Reduction (Electrode) Potentials at 25 oC
Half-Cell Reaction
Cr3+(aq) + e-
Eo (volts)
Cr2+(aq)
-0.41
Fe2+(aq) + 2 e-
Fe(s)
-0.44
Cr3+(aq) + 3 e-
Cr(s)
-0.74
Zn2+(aq) + 2 e-
Zn(s)
-0.763
2 H2O(l) + 2 e-
H2(g) + 2 OH-(aq)
-0.83
Mn2+(aq) + 2 eAl3+(aq) + 3 e-
Mn(s)
Al(s)
Mg2+(aq) + 2 eNa+(aq) + e-
Mg(s)
Na(s)
-1.18
-1.66
-2.37
-2.714
K+(aq) + e-
K(s)
-2.925
Li+(aq) + e-
Li(s)
-3.045
[References]
Use the References to access important values if needed for this question.
Arrange the following from lowest to highest entropy: AgCl(s), AgBr(s), AgI(s), Ag(s). Assume 1 mole of each at the same conditions.
from lowest to highest entropy
Drag and drop your selection from the following list to complete the answer:
AgI(s)
AgCl(s) AgBr(s) Ag(s)
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