For this topic, think about the unhealthy behaviors that you’ve seen among college students, especially those that increase the chances of developing chronic diseases (i.e. not with respect to COVID). Choose the three that you think stand out as the unhealthiest and state why each is so unhealthy.
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“Do not try to live forever, you will not succeed.”
George Bernard Shaw
1856-1950
AGEFEED
#TIPS
1. Stay connected to friends and family. Loneliness can be harmful to your health.
2. Eat a healthy diet. High-fiber fruits, veggies, and whole grains help keep the digestive
system
functioning
. Avoid sugar, salt, prepackaged foods, butter, and fatty meats.
3. Watch your weight to avoid arthritis. Excess weight puts pressure on the weight-
bearing joints eventually leading to irreversible damage.
4. Stay physically active. Strength training and balance exercises can help reduce falls as
you age.
5. Practice sleep healthy habits. Turn off technology before bed and stick to a consistent
schedule.
6. Stop smoking or using any tobacco products. Now!
7. Take good care of your teeth. Brushing, flossing, and seeing the dentist can help
prevent later-life oral problems including gum recession, staining, decay, and tooth loss.
8. Learn to manage stress. Coping with stress can promote physical and mental health.
9. Stay on top of your health. Get regular check-ups and follow your medical
professional’s advice.
10.Take dance classes. You’ll get your exercise while benefiting from the mental
stimulation involved in learning new moves and remembering choreography.
KEY CONCEPTS IN
HEALTH AND
PREVENTION
Eating Bathing Dressing
Transferring Toileting
Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL):
• Use the telephone
• Go shopping
• Prepare meals
• Complete housekeeping tasks
• Do the laundry
• Use private or public transportation
• Take medications
• Handle finances
Tobacco use
Alcohol use
Unhealthy diet
Sedentary lifestyle
Obesity
Cardiovascular
disease
Chronic lung
disease
RI
SK
F
A
CT
O
RS
CH
RO
N
IC D
ISEA
SE
34.4
6
3.2
10.1
31.1
12.5
55.7
13.9
6.6
22.4
47.6
23
59.1
25.1
11.1
30.7
51.9
19.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Hypertension Coronary Heart Disease Stroke Cancer, All Arthritis Diabetes
Percent within Age Groups 45 and Older with Chronic Conditions
45-64 65-74 75+
As of 2018, NCD’s
accounted for deaths of
41 million people
worldwide
Over 85% of those
deaths occur in low and
middle-income countries
where they affect <70 yrs
old
DISEASES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
Eastern Europe has the highest prevalence of deaths from heart disease (adjusted for age) followed by Central Asia
and Central Europe. The lowest rates of heart disease are in Central Sub-Saharan Africa, with similarly low rates in
southern Latin America and the high income countries in the Asia Pacific region
25% 27%
35%
50-64 65-74 75+
Rates of physical inactivity
14%
inactivity in
college-
educated
Development
of
atherosclerosis
As plaque builds up in t he art e rie s of a pe rson wit h he art
dise ase , t he inside of t he art e rie s be gins t o narrow, which
le sse ns or blocks t he flow of blood.
A st roke happe ns w he n a
blood clot blocks blood
flow t o t he brain. This
cause s brain t issue t o
be come damage d or die .
HIGH BLOOD SUGAR
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
LOW HDL (“GOOD”)
CHOLESTEROL
HIGH TRIGLYCERIDES
EXCESS FAT AROUND WAIST
METABOLIC SYNDROME
Metabolic syndrome is a term used to characterize people who
show 3 of the 5 risk factors illustrated here.
Prevention of heart disease and
stroke relies on 3 key factors
Cancer
Overweight and obesity present
risk factors for cancer among
women.
Worldwide
cancer deaths in
2018
9.6 million deaths from cancer in 2018
70% were in low- and middle-income countries
One-third due to risk factors of :high BMI, low
intake of fruits and vegetables, sedentary life
style, and use of tobacco and alcohol.
The most common cancers are lung, breast,
colorectal, prostate, skin, and stomach, with the
most number of deaths due to lung cancer
Radiation Surgery Chemotherapy Targeted drug
therapies
Targeted therapy treats cancer by targeting the
changes in cancer cells that help them grow, divide,
and spread.
DISEASES OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM
A jo in t w it h s e ve r e o s t e o a r t h r it is
Risk factors
and
treatment for
osteoarthritis
Risk Factors
• Impact and
repeated use of
joints
• Overweight and
obese, especially
affects lower
joints
Treatment
• Over-the-counter
pain medications
• Exercise, geared to
individual’s ability
• Injection into joints
affects
• Replacement of joint
Percentage of adults
with arthritis by
obesity, diabetes, and
heart disease status,
U.S. 2013-2015 (age-
adjusted)
Risk factors
and
treatments
for
osteoporosis
Risk factors
• Postmenopausal status
• White female
• Excessive alcohol use
• Cigarette smoking
• Diets low in calcium,
protein, minerals,
vitamins
• Sedentary lifestyle
Treatment
• Medications (have
risks)
• Not calcitonin
• Dietary silicon
• Prevention through
weight-bearing
exercise
Prevalence of
osteoporosis or low
bone mass at the
femur neck among
adults aged 50 and
older having elevated
10-yr probability of
hip or major
osteoporotic fracture
Diabetes
Pancreas
Insulin
Insulin moves glucose
into cell where it’s
converted to glycogen
Healthy
Type 2
Cells fail to
respond to insulin
properly; glucose
accumulates
outside cell
Treatment involves insulin, dietary changes, exercise, and avoidance of interactions
with over-the-counter medications
Estimated age-adjusted prevalence of diagnosed diabetes by race/ethnicity and sex among adults
18 years of age and older, U.S. 2013-2015.
Memory loss
Aphasia
Apraxia
Agnosia
Social cognition
Disturbances in executive functioning
Diagnostic
criteria for
neurocognitive
disorders
• Memory loss
• Aphasia
• Apraxia
• Agnosia
• Social cognitive disturbances
• Disturbance in executive
functioning
Prevalence Estimates of Neurocognitive
Disorders, U.S. vs. World
10% 5-8%
World Health Organization includes all forms of neurocognitive disorders and
uses different modeling approach
Alzheimer’s Association places estimate at 5.8 million (includes all forms of
neurocognitive disorders); using the WHO modeling approach yields 3.25 million
and rule out the 25% who do not have Alzheimer’s Disease.
Other
factors
affecting
prevalence
estimates
HIGHER RATES IN LOW- TO
MIDDLE-INCOME
COUNTRIES
ACCURACY OF DIAGNOSTIC
METHODS
AVAILABILITY OF AUTOPSY
RECORDS
Progression of
changes that
can lead to
Alzheimer’s
disease
Differences
between
normal aging
and
Alzheimer’s
disease
Normal aging
• Making a bad decision once
in a while
• Missing a monthly payment
• Forgetting which day it is and
remembering it later
• Sometimes forgetting which
word to use
• Losing things from time to
time
Alzheimer’s disease
• Making poor judgments
and decisions a lot of the
time
• Problems taking care of
monthly bills
• Losing track of the date or
time of year
• Trouble having a
conversation
• Misplacing things often
and being unable to find
them
APP APP
Normal APP Cleavage Formation of β-amyloid
plaque
plaque
How Alzheimer’s changes the brain
Normal cleavage of APP
occurs when it is snipped by
α-
secretase
, releasing a
neuroprotective fragment
along with the snipped APP.
In the formation of a plaque,
the snipping by β-secretase
and ϒ-secretase results in
abnormal cleavage and the
production of
plaques
.
secretase
secretase
secretase
https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/video-how-alzheimers-changes-brain?utm_source=ADvideo&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=rightrail
Tau disintegration
Microtubule
Neurofibrillary tangles are formed when tau
disintegrates leading microtubules to
become twisted and tangled.
Early onset cases
led to discovery of
potential genetic
causes
The ApoE gene
now thought to
be involved in
plaques
Social support
Mental activity
Physical exercise
Limited alcohol
Mediterranean diet
May reduce
Alzheimer’s
risk
Medical treatments for
Alzheimer’s disease
• Anticholinesterase
• THA (tacrine)
• Donepezil hydrochloride (Aricept)
• Galantamine (Razadyne)
• Rivastigmine (Exelon)
• Glutamate
• Memantine (Namenda)
• Anti beta-amyloid oligomers
• Aducanumab
Teach
behavioral
methods
01
Adhere to
schedule
02
Target
problematic
behaviors
03
Identify when
patient
becomes
disruptive
04
Other forms of
neurocognitive
disorder
• Vascular neurocognitive disorder
(multi-infarct dementia)
• Frontotemporal neurocognitive
disorder
• Parkinson’s disease
• Neurocognitive disorder with
Lewy bodies
• Pick’s disease
Normal pressure
hydrocephalus
Subdural
hematoma Delirium
Polypharmacy
Wernicke’s disease
(can progress to
Korsakoff
syndrome)
Pseudodementia
Activities of daily living (ADL)
Non-Communicable Disease Burden
Cancer
Percent of new cancer cases by age, U.S.
Forms of cancer treatment
Osteoporosis
Diabetes
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
Neurocognitive disorders
Diagnostic criteria for neurocognitive disorders
Diagnostic criteria for neurocognitive disorders
Genetic theories of Alzheimer’s disease
Protective factors against Alzheimer’s disease
Psychosocial treatments
Reversible neurocognitive disorders
