1. Provide an example for each function of the integumentary system.
2. From deepest to most superficial, name and describe the five strata of the epidermis. In which stratum are new cells formed by mitosis? Which strata have live cells, and which strata have dead cells?
3. Describe the structural features resulting from keratinization that make the epidermis structurally strong and resistance to water loss.
4. Compare the structure and location of thick and thin skin. Is hair in thick or thin skin?
5. Which cells of the epidermis produce melanin? What happens to the melanin once it is produced?
6. How do genetic factors, exposure to sunlight, and hormones determine the amount of melanin in the skin?
7. How do carotene, blood flow, oxygen content, and collagen affect skin color?
8. Name and compare the two layers of the dermis. Which layer is responsible for most of the structural strength of the skin?
9. What are formed by the dermal papillae in thick skin? What roles do they have?
10. What are cleavage lines and how are they related to the healing of a cut?
11. Name the types of tissue forming the subcutaneous tissue layer.
12 How is the subcutaneous tissue related to the skin?
13 List the functions of the adipose tissue within the subcutaneous tissue.
14. When and where are lanugo, vellus, and terminal hairs found in the skin?
15. What are the regions of a hair? What type of cells make up most of a hair?
16. Describe the three layers of a hair seen in cross section.
17. Describe the parts of a hair follicle. How is the epithelial root sheath important in skin repair?
18. In what part of a hair does growth take place? What are the stages of hair growth? Do all hairs grow at the same rate?
19. What determines the different shades of hair color?
20. What do sebaceous glands secrete? What is the function of the secretion?
21. Explain the location and action of arrector pili muscles.
22. Which glands of the skin are responsible for cooling the body? Where are they located? Which glands are involved with producing body odor? Where are they located?
23. Name the parts of a nail. Which part produces most of the nail? What is the lunula?
24. What makes a nail hard? Do nails have growth stages?
25. In what ways does the skin provide protection?
26. What kinds of sensory receptors are in the skin, and why are they important?
27. How does the skin help regulate body temperature?
28. Name the locations where cholecalciferol is produced and then modified into vitamin D. What are the functions of vitamin D?
29. What substances are excreted in sweat? Is the skin an important site of excretion?
30. Compared with young skin, why is aged skin more likely to be damaged, wrinkled, and dry?
31. Why is heat potentially dangerous to the elderly?
32. Explain what causes age spots and white hair.
33. What effect does exposure to sunlight have on skin?
