Please write a discussion as per the guidelines belowand questions
Week One-Discussion
What are the possible results of an attack on a computer network?
Write in 300 words
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Hello,
Please write an article review as per the guidelines below and attached article format attached below, write 2-3 pages and without any plagiarism and don’t use AI
By Ken Schriever Apr 20, 2022 Cybersecurity
NOTE: Dont use AI or any other tools.
Computer Security
Fundamentals
Fifth Edition
Dr. Chuck Easttom
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
Chapter 2 Objectives
Identify each of the major protocols used in
network communication (for example, FTP and
Telnet) and what use you make of each of them
◼ Understand the various connection methods and
speeds used on networks
◼ Compare and contrast various network devices
◼ Identify and explain various network protocols
◼ Understand how data is transmitted over a
network
◼
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
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Chapter 2 Objectives (cont.)
◼ Explain how the Internet works and the use of
IP addresses and URLs
◼ Recount a brief history of the Internet
◼ Use network utilities such as ping, IPConfig,
and tracert
◼ Describe the OSI model of network
communication and the use of MAC
addresses
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
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Network Basics
◼ A network is two or more computers
connected via a Network Interface Card (NIC)
◼ Networks use radio signals to transmit to a
nearby wireless router or hub
◼ A wireless router, hub, or NIC must have an
antenna to transmit and receive signals
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
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The Physical Connection:
Local Networks
Traditional (wired) NICs use an RJ-45 connection
◼ Most networks use Cat 5 cable or Cat 6 cable
◼
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
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The Physical Connection:
Local Networks (cont.)
◼
The hub is the simplest connection device
Creates a simple network
❑ Sends traffic out all ports (no routing or switching)
❑
◼
The repeater is a device that boosts signal
❑
◼
The switch is an intelligent hub
❑
◼
Used when cables exceed the maximum length
Sends packets only to the intended host
The router is more sophisticated
❑
Limits traffic to the intended network
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
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Faster Connection Speeds
Internet Connection Types and Speeds:
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
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Wireless and Bluetooth
◼
Wireless
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE) standard 802.11 provides guidelines for
wireless networking
❑ Various letter designations denote different wireless
speeds, such as 802.11n
❑
◼
Bluetooth
Bluetooth is short-distance radio that uses the 2.4GHz
to 2.485GHz frequency
❑ This standard enables devices to discover other
Bluetooth devices that are within range
❑
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
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Data Transmission
Networks transmit binary information in packets
using certain protocols and ports
◼ Protocols are rules that control network and Internet
communication
◼
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is connectionoriented
❑ Internet Protocol (IP) is connectionless
❑
◼
Ports are handles or connection points
Ports use a numeric designation for a pathway of
communications
❑ The combination of your computer’s IP address and port
number is referred to as a socket
❑
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
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How the Internet Works
◼ To connect to the Internet, you log on to your
Internet service provider (ISP)
◼ The ISP connects to another ISP or a
backbone provider
◼ One backbone provider connects to another
at a network access point (NAP)
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
10
IP Addresses
IP (Internet Protocol) Addresses
Necessary to navigate the Internet
❑ A unique identifier, like a Social Security
number
❑ Usually in binary form
❑ Consists of four octets separated by decimals
❑ First octet defines the class to which the IP
belongs
❑
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
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IP Addresses (cont.)
Availability of IP Addresses
IP addresses are not infinite
❑ An IP address can be IPv4 or IPv6
❑ A subnet is a portion of a network that shares the
same subnet address
❑ Subnet masks describe what subnet the address
belongs to
❑ Classless interdomain routing (CIDR) is a way to
describe the subnet with the IP address
❑
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
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Uniform Resource Locators
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)
The easy way to remember a website
❑ Translated by the Domain Name System
(DNS) to an IP address
❑ Error messages can be sent
by the web server
❑
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
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Uniform Resource Locators (cont.)
Error Messages
100 series: informational
❑ 200 series: usually not seen because they
indicate success
❑ 300 series: redirectional
❑ 400 series: client errors
❑ 500 series: server errors
❑
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
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History of the Internet
The Internet traces its roots to the Cold War
◼ In 1957, the U.S. government formed the Advanced
Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the Defense
Department
◼ In 1968, ARPA commissioned the construction of
ARPANET, a simple Internet web of four points/nodes
◼ In 1979, Usenet newsgroups became available
◼ In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee developed Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP)
◼ In 1993, the first graphical web browser, named Mosaic,
was invented
◼
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
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Basic Network Utilities
You can execute network utilities from a command
prompt (Windows) or shell (UNIX/Linux):
IPConfig
❑ Ping
❑ Tracert
❑ Netstat
❑ NSLookup
❑ ARP
❑ Route
❑ PathPing
❑
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
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IPConfig
◼
The IPConfig utility displays information about
your system
Type cmd in the search bar and press Enter
❑ At the command prompt, type ipconfig and press
Enter
❑
IPConfig shows your system’s IP address,
subnet mask, and default gateway
◼ Type ipconfig -? to see other options, such as
ipconfig /all
◼
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
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Ping and Tracert
◼
Ping tests if a system is connected to the
network
Tells how long it takes for an “echo request” packet to
arrive at the destination host
❑ Type ping -? at the command prompt to find various
ways you can refine your ping request
❑
◼
Tracert is a deluxe version of ping
Shows every “hop” between the host and destination
address
❑ A useful tool for technicians and hackers
❑
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
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Netstat and NSLookup
◼ Netstat
Network status
❑ Shows active network connections
❑
◼ NSLookup
Name server lookup
❑ Verifies whether the DNS server is running
❑ Executes DNS related commands
❑
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
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ARP, Route, and PathPing
◼
ARP
Address Resolution Protocol
❑ Maps IP addresses to MAC addresses
❑
◼
Route
❑
◼
Displays the IP routing table
PathPing
Similar to tracert/traceroute and ping
❑ Provides detailed information regarding network
latency at hops between source and destination
❑
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
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Other Network Devices
◼ Firewalls
Hardware or software
❑ Filter packets as they enter the network
❑ Deny unacceptable packets
❑
◼ Proxy servers
Disguise the network
❑ Substitute their IP address for that of hosts
accessing the Internet
❑
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
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The OSI Model
Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) Model
Seven-layer model created to describe how
networks communicate
❑ Diagnostic and troubleshooting tool
❑ Each layer supports the layer above and performs
a specific function
❑ Layer names (from top to bottom):
Application, Presentation, Session, Transport,
Network, Data link, and Physical
❑
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
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The TCP/IP Model
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP) Model
Four-layer model that performs the same activities
as the OSI model, compressed into fewer layers
❑ Describes how networks communicate
❑ Diagnostic and troubleshooting tool
❑ Layer names:
Application, Transport, Internet, and Network
Access
❑
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
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MAC Addresses
Media Access Control (MAC) Addresses
A unique address for a NIC
❑ A sublayer of the data link layer of the OSI model
❑ Physical address, as opposed to the IP address
❑ Represented by a 6-byte hexadecimal number
❑ ARP converts IP addresses to MAC addresses
❑
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
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Cloud Computing
Cloud computing enables network access to a
shared pool of resources
◼ Three primary classifications are public, private,
and community
◼
Public clouds offer their infrastructure or services to
the general public or a large industry group
❑ Private clouds are used by a single organization
without offering services to outside parties
❑ Community clouds provide services for several
organizations for community needs
❑
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
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Summary
◼ This chapter provides a basic understanding
of how networks and the Internet work
◼ You should now understand:
The structure of networks and the Internet
❑ Basic hardware such as switches, NICs, routers,
and hubs
❑ How to use some network utilities
❑ The basics of the OSI model
❑
© 2024 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2 Networks and the Internet
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