For this Discussion you will respond to the following scenario:
Imagine that you are an employee in the Health and Human Services Agency (HHSA) of your county. Your department is launching a campaign to increase quality services to the underserved in your community. You are tasked with developing a media message that HHSA will disseminate to the public, with the goal of persuading people to donate money for a mobile screening bus that can travel to rural areas of the county and reach underserved individuals and families.
To prepare:
Review this website from Week 2: Synder, W. S. (2011). Principles and practices for advertising ethics. Institute for Advertising Ethics. Retrieved from https://instituteforadvertisingethics.org/s/IAEPrincipalsandPractices
References must come from
Perloff, R. M. (2021). The dynamics of persuasion: Communication and attitudes in the 21st century (7th ed.). Routledge.
Synder, W. S. (2011). Principles and practices for advertising ethics. Institute for Advertising Ethics. Retrieved from https://instituteforadvertisingethics.org/s/IAEPrincipalsandPractices (attached)
PRINCIPLES and PRACTICES
for ADVERTISING ETHICS
INSTITUTE for ADVERTISING ETHICS
http://www.aaf.org/
2
PRINCIPLES and PRACTICES
for ADVERTISING ETHICS
PREAMBLE
The explosion of new technologies is changing the marketing and advertising
landscape both domestically and globally. New media, new ideas, new
challenges, new cultural opportunities are swirling around the industry
and impacting the way it does business.
The one constant is t ransparency, and t he need to conduct ourselves, our
businesses, and our relationships with consumers in a fair, honest, and
forthright manner.
This is especially true in today’s often hostile environment, with revelations
of wrongdoing in particular industries and government programs resulting
in an erosion of public confidence and trust in all our institutions.
It is particularly fitting in such times that we remind ourselves of the ethical
behavior that should always guide our personal and business conduct.
The nine Principles and Practices presented here are the foundation on
which the Institute for Advertising Ethics (IAE) was created. They are based
on the premise that all forms of communications, including advertising,
should always do what is right for consumers, which in turn is right for
business as well. For while we are in an age of unparalleled change, this
overriding truth never changes.
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PRINCIPLE 1
Advertising, public relations, marketing communications, news, and editorial all share a
common objective of truth and high ethical standards in serving the public.
Commentary
This principle is based upon The Journalist’s Creed, enunciated by Walter Williams, first Dean of
the Missouri School of Journalism. Mike Fancher—a veteran journalist from The Seattle Times—
has done in-depth research regarding The Journalist’s Creed as a Fellow of the Donald W. Reynolds
Journalism Institute. He has concluded that Walter Williams believed that both journalists and
people on the business side of a public journal share the responsibility to serve the public, and
both must respect each other’s important contributions. Fancher writes, “It’s probably important to
remember that Walter Williams was a country editor. That means he did a little bit of everything,
including selling ads. That’s one reason a single standard of public service was essential. He must
have regarded advertising content as a public service, which explains his belief that ‘advertising,
news and editorial should alike serve the best interests of readers.’”
This conviction is held today by Jeff Levick, President, Global Advertising and Strategy, AOL, and a
2010 Inductee into the Advertising Hall of Achievement. Levick states, “It’s critical for the industry
to acknowledge and accept that advertising is commercial information that must be treated with
the same accuracy and ethics as editorial information.”
Advertising is extremely important to consumers and to our market place economy. It provides
consumers with information about the products and services in which they are interested and it
fosters competition. For these reasons government has brought legal actions to prohibit its restraint
by private groups, and the Supreme Court has held that truthful commercial speech is protected
under the First Amendment.
It is clear that consumers want and expect advertising to be held to high ethical standards. Research
supports the high value that consumers place in honest and ethical advertising. For example, in
research conducted by four student teams at the Missouri School of Journalism, “honest” advertising
ranked as the number one factor that would make a company ethical. (See also, “Does Being Ethical
Pay?” The Wall Street Journal, May 12, 2008. )
http://journalism.missouri.edu/2008/walter-williams.html
http://www.rjionline.org/fellows-program/fancher-m/index.php
http://www.rjionline.org/projects/ethics-in-advertising/stories/findings/index.php
http://online.wsj.com/home-page
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Advertising has long been committed to high standards of truth and
accuracy in all forms of advertising, creating the National Advertising
Division (NAD) of the Council of Better Business Bureaus, and the
National Advertising Review Board (NARB), in 1971 to foster these
standards across all forms of commercial messaging. Nevertheless, our
industry must further enhance our advertising ethics if we are to build
consumer trust for our profession and brands. The latest research from
the Adweek Media/Harris Poll shows that only one in five Americans
trust advertising most of the time and 13% say they never trust it.
Inspired advertising professionals will practice and benefit from
enhanced advertising ethics.
PRINCIPLE 2
Advertising, public relations, and all marketing communications professionals have an
obligation to exercise the highest personal ethics in the creation and dissemination of
commercial information to consumers.
Commentary
The role of professionals is central to the practice of high ethical standards by their companies.
These principles are meant to serve as guideposts for professionals in carrying out their professional
responsibilities. The importance of advertising to consumers and the economy stimulates our
professionals to practice the highest levels of ethics. When you believe in what you do—when you
know how important your work is—you want to do your best in carrying out your responsibilities.
Adam Werbach, Chief Sustainability Officer, Saatchi & Saatchi, and 2010 Inductee into the
Advertising Hall of Achievement, believes in the day to day importance of advertising and high
ethics. He states, “As new professionals enter the advertising world it is imperative they are aware
of the importance of high ethics to their consumers and their careers.” More and more companies
will be including the issue of ethics in their evaluation of performance. The first mission of the
Institute for Advertising Ethics is to educate our professionals as to the importance of truthful,
ethical advertising; to reinforce that they are “professionals” in the clearest sense of the word.
http://www.adweek.com/aw/content_display/data-center/research/e3i472af4f084a4fdefe96442a4e81139e0
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The Institute also will educate our industry and professionals as to the competitive opportunities
afforded by consumers to those companies practicing enhanced ethical advertising. Also,
recognition will be provided to companies and individual professionals practicing enhanced ethics
by national awards presented at the annual national conference of the American Advertising
Federation (AAF).
PRINCIPLE 3
Advertisers should clearly distinguish advertising, public relations and corporate
communications from news and editorial content and entertainment, both online and offline.
Commentary
This addresses an ongoing issue where the line is being blurred between commercial communications
on the one hand, and news/editorial and entertainment, on the other. If consumers are unaware the
“news” or “entertainment” they are viewing actually is advertising, they are being misled and treated
unethically. First, consumers could attach more credibility to the content if they believe it to have been
written as a news story. Second, they will not have their minds set in a “business mode” to evaluate the
claim, as they would do if recognizing it as a paid for, persuasive ad.
Walter Williams, Dean of the Missouri School of Journalism (1908–1935), denounced this unethical
practice in a speech given on October 22, 1919, to the Associated Advertising Clubs of Iowa as he
stated, “A newspaper cannot be independent in the opinion of the public if it carries advertising
disguised as editorial comment or news. It is a species of dishonesty—no less because it is sometimes
practiced—for a newspaper to express pay opinions in disguised advertising and thereby deceive its
readers. The readers have a right to demand frankness, as opposed to deception. Honesty convinces
permanently. Deceptive advertising lowers the standing of a newspaper.” (Collection 2533, Williams
Speeches, folder 627, Western Historical Manuscript Collection—Columbia)
Unfortunately with the dramatic explosion of media sources, blurring of commercial and editorial
content is more of an issue today than it was in Walter Williams’ time. The concerns continue to
this day with advertising in the form of news articles, unsubstantiated claims in press releases, and
unattributed commercial content on social networking sites, all of which have been the subject of
regulatory or self-regulatory activity.
http://www.aaf.org/
http://www.aaf.org/
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PRINCIPLE 4
Advertisers should clearly disclose all material conditions, such as payment or receipt of a
free product, affecting endorsements in social and traditional channels, as well as the identity
of endorsers, all in the interest of full disclosure and transparency.
Commentary
The explosion of word of mouth marketing and blogging about commercial products and services
creates special concerns about the blurring of advertising and editorial content. “Of particular concern
is the need for advertisers to be transparent about the conditions for creating online endorsements, for
example through bloggers or social media. It is often not clear whether people are endorsing on their
own, or if they are being compensated by a brand/company or are even part of the brand/company
organization. The anonymity of the online world requires extra efforts for practicing ethics,” said Marc
Pritchard, Global Marketing Officer, Procter & Gamble. “This area is going to get even more complicated
in the months and years ahead,” said Peter Blackshaw, Former Chairman, Council of Better Business
Bureaus. “Disclosure with bloggers may well be the easy part. How do you responsibly disclose when
140 million global members of Twitter are restricted to 140 characters per tweet, and any attempts
at disclosure gets lost in the first pass-along? Acknowledge—forcefully—that responsible advertisers
must be extremely proactive on this front, and perhaps even over-compensate.”
Recently, the National Advertising Division (NAD), the industry’s self-regulatory arm, and the
Electronic Retailing Self Regulation Program (ERSP) have taken a number of self regulatory
actions when a company is either sponsoring a site or paying for product review by bloggers without
a clear, conspicuous and meaningful disclosure of that fact.
The Federal Trade Commission, the chief federal regulator of advertising, has also amended its
Endorsement and Testimonial Guides to require bloggers to disclose when they are paid by a
company, and when they work for the company whose product is being blogged, also when they
are given the product free of charge.
Individual companies have developed specific disclosure codes for use in their endorsement
advertisements and by bloggers on behalf of their products.
The Word-of-Mouth Marketing Association (WOMMA) also has developed an ethics code that
covers this principle.
http://www.asrcreviews.org/
https://bbbprograms.org/programs/ersp/
https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/attachments/press-releases/ftc-publishes-final-guides-governing-endorsements-testimonials/091005revisedendorsementguides
https://www.ana.net/content/show/id/womma
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PRINCIPLE 5
Advertisers should treat consumers fairly based on the nature of the audience to whom the
ads are directed and the nature of the product or service advertised.
Commentary
This includes advertising to children, who have been stated by the advertising industry’s Children’s
Advertising Review Unit (CARU) to be especially vulnerable by virtue of their inexperience,
immaturity, susceptibility to being misled or unduly influenced, and lack of cognitive skills to
evaluate the credibility of advertising. Children’s understanding depends on the manner in which
the ad is designed and disseminated.
Advertisers should always practice the highest ethics when advertising to children. Today, children
are connected to products on TV, radio, print and the internet. This includes ads on cell phones,
G-rated DVDs and when playing computer games and video games on company websites where the
products are featured. As provided in the CARU Guidelines and reported self regulatory actions,
advertising should be clearly distinguished—in the eyes of children—from news content and from
entertainment and games. For example CARU has found the content and presentation of certain
print ads in children’s magazines to mimic articles, and children’s TV ads to be structured like a
newscast segment.
The Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative is an outstanding illustration of how
the food industry modified its advertising directed to children under twelve to encourage healthier
dietary choices and healthy lifestyles. Begun in 2006 with ten participating companies, today
seventeen food and beverage marketers have agreed voluntarily to advertise to children 12 and
under only “better-for-you” products. This is a demonstration of advertising ethics by the industry
that is monitored by the Council of Better Business Bureaus.
Advertising also should treat consumers fairly based on the “nature” of the product or service.
Products that should be advertised in a highly ethical manner include alcoholic beverages. An
illustration of industry ethical efforts are the self regulatory codes adopted by the beer, distilled
spirits and wine industries that, among other things, limits all alcoholic beverage ads on television
to programs with 70% adult audiences.
http://www.caru.org/guidelines/index.aspx
http://www.caru.org/guidelines/index.aspx
http://www.bbb.org/us/children-food-beverage-advertising-initiative/
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Prescription drug advertising directed to consumers (DTC) also is a prime example of advertising
requiring high ethics. This is a major category of television and print advertising that—while
providing beneficial information to consumers about medical products and procedures—is getting
considerable attention from regulators and lawmakers. The pharmaceutical industry has published
a code on DTC advertising: PhRMA Guiding Principles Direct to Consumer Advertisement
About Prescription Medicines.
PRINCIPLE 6
Advertisers should never compromise consumers’ personal privacy in marketing
communications, and their choices as to whether to participate in providing their
information should be transparent and easily made.
Commentary
This principle relates to “Behavioral Advertising” an online marketing innovation that promises
great benefits for advertisers and consumers by delivering advertising relevant to the consumers’
interest. Consumers are segmented via their computers according to the interests they express in
online activities, such as search queries, ads they click on, information they share on social sites and
products they put in online shopping carts. Advertisers use this data to direct more relevant ads to
the consumer. This cuts down ad costs—and also elevates the effectiveness to consumers in getting
the products and services they want.
Yet, research data shows that consumers fear that behavioral advertising infringes on their personal
privacy. Also, many consumers may not even be aware that commercial information is being
collected when they are online. This has caused great concern from the government, with both
Congress and the Federal Trade Commission threatening to take regulatory steps such as creation
of a proposed Do Not Track program.
In response to these concerns, marketing and media trade associations are launching a new online
self regulatory initiative that will give consumers enhanced control over the collection and use of web
viewing data. The program promotes the use of a new “Advertising Option Icon” and accompanying
http://www.phrma.org/files/attachments/PhRMA Guiding Principles_Dec 08_FINAL
http://www.phrma.org/files/attachments/PhRMA Guiding Principles_Dec 08_FINAL
https://allaboutdnt.com/
https://digitaladvertisingalliance.org/press-release/digital-advertising-alliance-daa-announces-%E2%80%98your-adchoices%E2%80%99-consumer-education
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language—to be displayed in behaviorally targeted ads and on Web pages where behavioral data
is collected. By clicking on the Icon consumers will receive a clear disclosure regarding the use of
their online data and also be able to easily opt-out of such collection.
By participating in this new self-regulation program advertisers have an outstanding opportunity
to build consumer trust in regard to the company’s behavioral advertising. Bill Cella, chairman and
CEO at the Cella Group and veteran media expert, counsels that “Advertisers should encourage
suppliers to follow the Advertiser’s guidelines and make sure their individual medium is also not
compromising the Advertiser’s customer’s personal data/habits.”
Tim Armstrong, former Chair and CEO of AOL, commenting at our on campus ad ethics forum
at the Reynolds Journalism Institute, stated that the impact of the “broadband” expansion is very
positive for consumers because it provides them with so much more information and connections,
and it is positive for advertising to be able to reach more consumers effectively. He said the keys
to ethics are better transparency and that consumers be able to easily make choices. Armstrong
believes that ethics can be established “online” through thousands of “one on one” dialogues with
consumers where the person is “helped.”
PRINCIPLE 7
Advertisers should follow federal, state and local advertising laws, and cooperate with
industry self-regulatory programs for the resolution of advertising practices.
Commentary
Principle 7 is based on the Council of Better Business Bureau’s Code of Business Practices that also
provides specific information bearing on ethical practices. The platform for all ethical advertising is
that the claims must be truthful and non-misleading. The Federal Trade Commission, the principle
federal regulator of advertising, requires that advertisements must be substantiated by a prior
“reasonable basis” of fact. Further, ads cannot omit “material facts”—the inclusion of which would
render the ads false and misleading. The FTC’s website contains cases and guides that provide a
statement of important legal principles. The Food and Drug Administration regulates prescription
drugs advertising directed to consumers.
https://www.bbb.org/new-york-city/for-businesses/bbb-code-of-business-practices-bbb-accreditation-standards/
http://www.ftc.gov
https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/guidance/ftcs-endorsement-guides-what-people-are-asking
http://www.business.ftc.gov/advertising-and-marketing
http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm064956.htm
http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm064956.htm
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The advertising industry also has created an outstanding self-regulatory program covering both adult
and children’s advertising. This program has earned the respect of the Federal Trade Commission.
In the commentary to the IAE’s principles and practices certain of the government and industry self-
regulatory cases will be discussed.
PRINCIPLE 8
Advertisers and their agencies, and online and offline media, should discuss privately
potential ethical concerns, and members of the team creating ads should be given permission
to express internally their ethical concerns.
Commentary
It is clear that we can only enhance advertising ethics if our professionals—from the very top and
throughout the account, creative and media teams—all practice the highest ethical standards. There
should always be the expectation that ethics will be considered proactively—before the ad campaign
is disseminated to consumers. The driving consideration must be that we need to do what is best for
the consumer. And, the belief must be cherished that by doing so we are doing the right thing for
ourselves and our careers and our company will be rewarded by consumers. Ad professionals will
not be rewarded for ads that offend our consumers.
Wally Snyder, Executive Director of the Institute for Advertising Ethics, in his teaching at the
Missouri School of Journalism, has the occasion to “role play” in regard to advertising ethics. For
example, in discussing a Public Service Advertising (PSA) campaign with the goal of getting young
people to vote, he asked creative classes their views on the ethics of a print ad showing a young
woman silenced and tied up with duct tape. Several expressed concerns that the ad depicted violence
against women. This, in fact, is what women expressed in social networking sites. When Snyder
asked the students if they would express those concerns to him, as the account executive who
would be taking the proposed ad to the client—the answer was “Yes, if you give me permission.”
Holding ethics discussions and giving permission is essential. And the mandate must be from the
top down and run all through the company. Denis Beausejour, former Vice President of Advertising
for Procter & Gamble, states, “It boils down to people being responsible and a key part of this is to
encourage every practitioner to feel safe in speaking their conscience.”
https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/guidance/advertising-faqs-guide-small-business
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The discussion and consideration of ethics has to take place in the fast paced and competitive world
of advertising creation and placement. Yet, we must take the time to resolve ethical dilemmas.
Rushworth Kidder in his book on ethics states, “You’ve got to think about it, reason it through,
get the mind in gear and grapple with the tough issues. In other words, you’ve got to be mentally
engaged.” (How Good People Make Tough Choices, p. 59, by Rushworth H. Kidder, Harper 2003)
Ethicists who have worked within the world of Journalism, advise that internal processes must be
established with companies to ensure that time is taken to make the right ethical decisions. This
includes educating the professionals as to the company’s ethical standards. The IAE is collecting
illustrative practices now being conducted in the industry to share on this website.
Ketchum has a certification goal that all of its colleagues are aware of its disclosure and ethics
policies. Further, they must pass an annual test on the company’s ethical standards.
The Institute also has conducted and will conduct research regarding the importance and meaning
of advertising ethics to consumers. The high impact of advertising ethics was reported in consumer
research conducted by four Capstone student teams in 2009 at the Missouri School of Journalism.
The primary research consisted of online surveys with follow-up interviews.
PRINCIPLE 9
Trust between advertising and public relations business partners, including clients, and their
agencies, media venders, and third party suppliers, should be built upon transparency and
full disclosure of business ownership and arrangements, agency remuneration and rebates,
and media incentives.
Commentary
Building trust with our clients is critical to our business success and to retaining and growing
the business partnership. One ethical dilemma that has gotten much attention is the lack of
transparency in the rebates received by agencies from media in the placement of ads and public
relations. Also, agencies have awarded client business to the agencies’ own sub-contractors without
informing clients.
http://www.rjionline.org/projects/ethics-in-advertising/stories/findings/index.php
http://www.rjionline.org/projects/ethics-in-advertising/stories/findings/index.php
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The industry has responded in an effort to build trust through transparency. In 2016 the 4A’s
issued nine Transparency Guiding Principles of Conduct. The principles include that if the
agency recommends any proprietary media (including pre-owned agency inventory) on a media
plan, it should be disclosed as such, and if approved by the client, it should be documented with
an opt-in agreement.
Also as a best practice, the agency/client agreement should require the agency to report and
return to the client any rebates and incentives received by the agency, agency group, holding
company or other affiliated companies. Moreover, the guidelines specify that although rebates
and non-transparent incentives are acceptable in some other markets outside the U.S., media
spend in the U.S. should not contribute in any undisclosed way to rebate payments/arrangements
in other markets.
A survey conducted in August 2017 by the Association of National Advertisers (ANA) found that
60% of agencies are taking action to address transparency. Clients have revised contracts, conducted
audits and altered buying practice to tackle this ethical dilemma. Yet the problem remains, and now
the Federal Department of Justice is investigating non-transparent ad-buying practices, including
agencies receiving rebates from media outlets. (Federal Prosecutors Probe Ad Industry’s Media-
Buying Practices; wsj.com)
IAE Principle 9 urges that to establish trust between business partners we must accept the need for
full disclosure in all of our business dealings.
© 2011 Wallace S. Snyder. All rights reserved.
To request permission to use this content contact Wallace S. Snyder, Executive Director, Institute for Advertising Ethics at wsnyder@aaf.org.
*These Principles and Practices for Advertising Ethics—and the underlying commentaries—will be updated on an ongoing basis for use by advertising professionals in
their discussions and resolution of ethical questions. American Advertising Federation and at the Reynolds Journalism Institute.
https://www.ana.net/
https://www.wsj.com/articles/federal-prosecutors-probe-ad-industrys-media-buying-practices-1538078020
https://www.wsj.com/articles/federal-prosecutors-probe-ad-industrys-media-buying-practices-1538078020
mailto:wsnyder@aaf.org
http://www.aaf.org/default.asp?id=1236
