1. A cation exchange resin in the acid form can be represented RSO3H. Water containing a lot of sodium chloride is passed through the resin (contained in a ion exchanger). a) Show the reaction that would occur. b) Would you expect the conductivity of the water to change? If so, how? c) Would you expect the pH of the water to change? If so, how? 2. A anion exchange resin in the basic form can be represented RNOH. If combined with a cation exchange resin in the acid form, the ion exchanger is called a mixed bed resin. Water containing a lot of sodium chloride is passed through the resin (contained in a ion exchanger). a) Show the reaction(s) that would occur. b) Would you expect the conductivity of the water to change? If so, how? c) Would you expect the pH of the water to change? If so, how? 6. Uranium has a fuel cycle that includes the front end (mining, milling, conversion, enrichment) and a back end (reprocessing and disposition). Describe 2 minerals that contain uranium showing the formula of the minerals. For one of the minerals you discovered use chemical equations for describing conversions. Describe what enrichment is, why it is necessary, and at least 2 methods that can accomplish it. 7. Fission is statistical, and many possible outcomes (products) can occur. For U 235 describe at least 3 induced reactions (fission) that can occur. Discuss what is meant by the cross section for fission of U235. 8. For any 1 reaction in #7, use E = mc2 to calculate how much energy could be produced by the fission reaction. Calculate the energy in J/atom; J/g; and J/mol. 9. Oklo is an area in Africa that is the site of an ancient natural fission reactor. The ratio of abundance of U 235/ U238 has changed over time. What was the ratio at the time Oklo was active and what is in now. Explain how it is thought that enough fissionable material came to be concentrated enough to become critical. The residuals (products) have been studied extensively and many have used it to conclude what we could do with radioactive waste. Explain.
1. A cation exchange resin in the acid form can be represented RSO3H. Water containing a lot of sodium chloride is passed through the resin (contained in a ion exchanger).
a) Show the reaction that would occur.
b) Would you expect the conductivity of the water to change? If so, how?
c) Would you expect the pH of the water to change? If so, how?
2. A anion exchange resin in the basic form can be represented RNOH. If combined with a cation exchange resin in the acid form, the ion exchanger is called a mixed bed resin. Water containing a lot of sodium chloride is passed through the resin (contained in a ion exchanger).
a) Show the reaction(s) that would occur.
b) Would you expect the conductivity of the water to change? If so, how?
c) Would you expect the pH of the water to change? If so, how?
3. C 14 is continually formed in the Earth’s atmosphere by cosmic radiation acting on N 14. The cosmic radiation causes an induced nuclear reaction (n,p) on N14. Show the induced reaction.
Radiocarbon dating uses the C14 produced in our atmosphere to date materials that were once alive. Describe how the dating is achieved.
4. Many important discoveries have led to the production of energy (electricity and nuclear weapons) through nuclear reactions. Describe briefly what each of the following contributions was.
Curie’s 1898
Rutherford 1919
Chadwick 1932
Hahn/ Meitner 1938
Fermi 1942
Manhattan Project 1945
5. There are 3 nuclides that have practical use as fissionable materials. List the 3 nuclides.
6. Uranium has a fuel cycle that includes the front end (mining, milling, conversion, enrichment) and a back end (reprocessing and disposition). Describe 2 minerals that contain uranium showing the formula of the minerals. For one of the minerals you discovered use chemical equations for describing conversions. Describe what enrichment is, why it is necessary, and at least 2 methods that can accomplish it.
7. Fission is statistical, and many possible outcomes (products) can occur. For U 235 describe at least 3 induced reactions (fission) that can occur. Discuss what is meant by the cross section for fission of U235.
8. For any 1 reaction in #7, use E = mc2 to calculate how much energy could be produced by the fission reaction. Calculate the energy in J/atom; J/g; and J/mol.
9. Oklo is an area in Africa that is the site of an ancient natural fission reactor. The ratio of abundance of U 235/ U238 has changed over time. What was the ratio at the time Oklo was active and what is in now. Explain how it is thought that enough fissionable material came to be concentrated enough to become critical. The residuals (products) have been studied extensively and many have used it to conclude what we could do with radioactive waste. Explain.
10. Describe what a cloud chamber is.
11. Describe how plutonium 239 and uranium 233 can be produced by nuclear reactions.
12.
http://www.spsu.edu/nuclearstudies/nuclearfuelcycle1
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Society/nuclear/fernald/fernald.html
Use the two links above and describe if you think nuclear materials and energy (electricity and weapons) production is ethical. Include your recommendation concerning what should be done with nuclear waste.
