For this assignment, use data from W1 Project.(ATTACHED)
This week, you will explore the hypothesis that higher levels of stress are associated with lower levels of confidence.
Using Microsoft Excel, compute a correlation coefficient between the stress score and confidence scores, following the instructions given in your lecture.
Using the appropriate table in your textbook, find the critical value to determine whether the correlation coefficient between these two variables is significant, following instructions in your lecture.
Move your output into a Microsoft Word document and write a formal, APA-formatted interpretation of the results, modeled on the example given in the lecture.
2
In
t
roduction
Accuracyof eyewitness testimony has been an area of interest to social scientists. According to
B
ornstein & Zickafoose, (
1
9
99) eyewitnesses are not always accurate. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) evidence has attracted many appeals from individuals in the recent past. About 78 percent of those individuals who were acquitted on this basis had originally been convicted based on strong eyewitness testimony. The misinformation effect remains to be a big challenge to witnesses when recalling information about a criminal. The challenge involves the incorporation of misinformation into an individual’s memory after receiving misleading information about an event (stambor, 2006).
Memory can be constructed based on the information given after the fact and also on suggestive questions. Stress and decay might also play a role in one’s information-recalling ability. A memory may also decay over time and stress may reduce the recalling accuracy(Deffenbacher, Bornstein, Penrod, & McGorty, 2004; Payne, Nadel, Allen, Thomas, & Jacobs, 2002).
Methods and Participants
Participants were randomly assigned to one of three levels of stress:
high
stress, where they were writing a final exam immediately fol
low
ing their participation in the experiment;
medium
stress, where they were writing a final exam the day following their participation; and low stress, where their participation came two weeks before their final exam. They were shown one of two different versions of a video of a bank robbery and instructed to pay close attention to detail. All versions shared the same beginning scenario, with two individuals entering a bank to rob it.
The first individual (individual #1) was 5’10” tall and of medium build, wearing blue jeans, a black leather jacket, and black tennis shoes. This individual was wearing a ski mask with the holes around the eyes large enough for the color of the skin, which was white or light colored, to be visible. The second individual (individual #2) was 6’2″ and heavyset, wearing black sweat pants, a red jacket, and dark work boots. This individual was wearing a ski mask identical to that of individual #1. The skin around the eyes was dark. No other skin was visible on either individual. Individual #1 walks to the window and hands the teller a note, bringing up the right hand, which was in the pocket, to simulate a gun. It was unknown whether an actual gun was used.
Individual #2 stayed back a step as if keeping watch. After the teller gave money to the robber, the two robbers left the bank, jumped into a car waiting at the curb, and drove away. In version #1, the car was blue. In version #2, the car was green. Following the viewing of the video, each participant met an individual in the waiting room. This individual (actually a confederate of the experimenter) stated that he or she had lost something and had come back to see whether the experimenter found it. The individual begun a conversation about the video and said, “Did you see that blue (or green, depending on the condition) car they were driving?” Half the time, this question was congruent (the color mentioned by the confederate matches the color shown in the video). And half the time, the color was incongruent (the color mentioned by the confederate was different from that visible in the video).
Measures At the end of this conversation, the confederate left, and the participant was asked by the experimenter to complete a short questionnaire to measure his or her memory of the details in the video. This questionnaire consisted of fifteen fill-in-the-blank questions where participants were asked questions, such as “What kind of pants was the individual who asked for the money wearing?” The participant has to write what he or she recalled or “unknown” if uncertain about the response. Each
correct
answer was given one point, and the points were added to create a continuous measure of recall as the dependent variable. Scores on this measure ranged from 0 to
15
. This questionnaire was given again two weeks later, and a third time after one month. Participants were also asked to rate their confidence in their recall of each item on a scale of 1 to 10, with one meaning very little confidence and 10 meaning a great deal of confidence. These items were added to create an overall confidence score, with higher scores indicating higher levels of confidence. Scores on this measure ranged from 15 to 150. The misinformation effect was stored in a variable named “recall color.” Recall color was scored as “Correct” if participants correctly identified the color of the car they had seen in the video and “Incorrect” if they
incorrect
ly identified the color.
Finally, all participants completed a short questionnaire to measure their stress levels. This was necessary to check the stress manipulation and ensure it was effective. Possible scores on this measure ranged from 0 to 25, with higher scores indicating higher levels of stress.
Results
First hypothesis
Null hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the type of information conveyed (a misinformation effect) and the accuracy of recall about the color of the vehicle.
Alternative hypothesis: There is a significant relationship between the type of information conveyed (a misinformation effect) and the accuracy of recall about the color of the vehicle.
|
Type of Information * Recall Color Crosstabulation |
||||||||
|
Count |
||||||||
| Recall Color |
Total |
|||||||
| correct | incorrect | |||||||
| Type of Information |
consistent |
27 |
9 |
36 |
||||
|
inconsistent |
15 |
21 |
||||||
|
42 |
30 |
72 |
The results show that out of 36 participants who received consistent information, 27 of them had a correct recall about the color of the vehicle while 9 had an incorrect recall about the color of the vehicle. Also, out of 36 participants who received inconsistent information, 15 of them had a correct recall about the color of the vehicle while 21 had an incorrect recall about the color of the vehicle. This shows that the participants who received consistent information had higher chances of having a correct recall about the color of the vehicle.
|
Coefficientsa |
|||||||||||||||
|
Model |
Unstandardized Coefficients |
Standardized Coefficients |
t |
Sig. |
|||||||||||
| B |
Std. Error |
Beta |
|||||||||||||
| 1 |
(Constant) |
.917 |
.175 |
5.227 |
.000 |
||||||||||
|
.333 |
.111 |
.338 |
3.005 |
.004 |
|||||||||||
|
a. Dependent Variable: Recall Color |
The above regression output shows that there is a significant relationship between the two variables since the significant value is less than 5%. That is, 0.004<0.05. Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a significant relationship between the type of information conveyed (a misinformation effect) and the accuracy of recall about the color of the vehicle.
Second hypothesis
Hypothesis: Memory decays over time.
Memory decays will be assessed using the recall ability over time.
The results in the above bar chart show that the recall level reduces from recall1 to recall3. This indicates that the recall level decreases with time hence the conclusion that memory decays with time.
Third hypothesis
Null hypothesis: Level of stress does not affect recall
Alternative hypothesis:
level of stress
affects recall
|
level of stress * Recall Color Crosstabulation |
|||||
| level of stress | low |
24 |
|||
| medium |
12 |
||||
| high |
The above output shows that out of 24 participants who had a low level of stress, 15 of them had a correct recall about the color of the vehicle while 9 of them had an incorrect recall about the color of the vehicle. Out of 24 participants who had a medium level of stress, 12 of them had a correct recall about the color of the vehicle while 12 of them had an incorrect recall about the color of the vehicle. Also, out of 24 participants who had a high level of stress, 15 of them had a correct recall about the color of the vehicle while 9 of them had an incorrect recall about the color of the vehicle.
|
1.417 |
.156 |
9.087 |
|
.072 |
1.000 |
The regression analysis output above shows that there was no relationship between the two variables since the significant value is greater than 5%. That is 1.000>0.05. Therefore, we fail to reject the null hypothesis at 5% level of significance and conclude that level of stress does not affect the ability to recall.
Fourth hypothesis
Null hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the level of stress and confidence.
Alternative hypothesis: There is a significant relationship between the level of stress and confidence.
|
4.600 |
.218 |
21.107 |
||
|
Confidence |
-.026 |
.002 |
-.827 |
-12.326 |
|
a. Dependent Variable: level of stress |
The regression equation is; level of stress = 4.600 – 0.026*confidence. The regression equation shows that if confidence increases by one unit, the level of stress decrease by 0.026 units. The regression output also shows that there is a significant relationship between the two variables since the significance value is less than 0.05. That is, 0.000<0.05. Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis at 5% level of significance and conclude that there is a significant relationship between the level of stress and confidence.
Discussion.
According to the results from this research, an individual’s accuracy of recall depends on the type of information conveyed ( a misinformation effect). A person is more likely to have a correct recall if the information conveyed to him/her is consistent. A person conveyed with inconsistent information is more likely to have an incorrect recall.
The results from this researcher also show that a person’s memory decays with time. This is because the level of recall was found to decrease as time goes by. Therefore, time is a determinant of the ability to recall. These findings are similar to those of Shapiro & Penrod (1986) that stated that memory may decay over time.
The findings of this research also indicate that a person’s level of stress does not affect his/her ability to recall. These findings are in contrast with those of Deffenbacher, Bornstein, Penrod, & McGorty in 2004 and Payne, Nadel, Allen, Thomas, & Jacobs in 2002 that stated that as stress increases, the accuracy of recall decreases.
The researcher also found that there is a significant relationship between a person’s level of stress and his/her confidence. It also showed that confidence decreases as stress increases.
Direction for future research.
· Research should be carried to determine whether there is a significant relationship between age and the ability to recall.
· Research should be carried to determine whether there is a significant relationship between gender and the ability to recall.
References
Bornstein, G. HY., & Zickafoose, D. J. (1999). “I know I know it, I know I saw it”: The stability of the confidence-accuracy relationship across domains. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 5, 76–88.
Deffenbacher, K. A., Bornstein, B. H., Penrod, S. D., & McGorty, E. K. (2004). A meta-analytic review of the effects of high stress on eyewitness memory. Law and Human Behavior, 28(6), 697–706.
Myers, D. G. (2008). Social psychology (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
Payne, J. D., Nadel, L., Allen, J. J. B., Thomas, K. G. F., & Jacobs, W. J. (2002). The effects of experimentally induced stress on false recognition. Memory, 10(1), 1–6.
Shapiro, P. N., & Penrod, S. (1986). Meta-analysis of facial identification studies. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 139–156.
Stambor, Z. (2006). How reliable is eyewitness testimony? APA Monitor, 37(4), 26–27.
Bar Chart
Recall1 Recall2 Recall3 542 473 369
Time
Recall Level
>DATABASE
0
1.00 1.00 1.00 3.00 1.00 1.00 .00
1.00 1.00 5.00 5.00 .00
1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 11.00 .00
.00
1.00 1.00 0.00
1.00 1.00 3.00 1.00 1.00 .00
1.00 1.00 7.00 8.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 4.00 9.00 .00
2.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 13.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 4.00 11.00 10.00 2.00 1.00 .00
1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 5.00 9.00 7.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 3.00 10.00 9.00 7.00 1.00 1.00 5.00 1.00 2.00 107.00 1.00 2.00 4.00 7.00 7.00 5.00 1.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 3.00 12.00 10.00 9.00 1.00 2.00 1.00 2.00 8.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 2.00 9.00 9.00 8.00 6.00 1.00 1.00 3.00 12.00 11.00 9.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 2.00 4.00 12.00 10.00 8.00 1.00 1.00 3.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 11.00 11.00 9.00 1.00 1.00 4.00 11.00 10.00 9.00 2.00 1.00 7.00 11.00 9.00 8.00 2.00 1.00 8.00 .00
1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 11.00 10.00 7.00 5.00 2.00 1.00 9.00 4.00 6.00 5.00 2.00 1.00 13.00 7.00 5.00 4.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 1.00 10.00 12.00 10.00 7.00 2.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 15.00 9.00 8.00 6.00 2.00 1.00 10.00 10.00 9.00 7.00 2.00 2.00 17.00 5.00 4.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 2.00 1.00 9.00 7.00 6.00 2.00 2.00 6.00 10.00 8.00 8.00 2.00 2.00 9.00 4.00 3.00 3.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 13.00 9.00 7.00 6.00 2.00 2.00 8.00 5.00 4.00 4.00 2.00 2.00 14.00 8.00 8.00 7.00 2.00 1.00 13.00 7.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 1.00 15.00 5.00 5.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 11.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 2.00 2.00 15.00 8.00 6.00 5.00 3.00 1.00 17.00 9.00 7.00 5.00 3.00 1.00 18.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 2.00 21.00 8.00 6.00 5.00 3.00 1.00 19.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 3.00 1.00 23.00 5.00 3.00 4.00 1.00 1.00 3.00 1.00 20.00 10.00 7.00 6.00 3.00 1.00 25.00 7.00 5.00 5.00 3.00 1.00 17.00 8.00 7.00 7.00 .00
3.00 1.00 21.00 3.00 1.00 18.00 7.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 16.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 .00
3.00 1.00 20.00 7.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 21.00 3.00 3.00 2.00 3.00 1.00 22.00 6.00 4.00 3.00 3.00 2.00 25.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 3.00 1.00 23.00 4.00 4.00 2.00 3.00 2.00 19.00 3.00 2.00 23.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 3.00 1.00 22.00 5.00 5.00 3.00 emale
Recall2 Recall3 1.00 1.00 3.00 12.00 10.00 7.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 11.00 11.00 9.00 1.00 1.00 9.00 3.00 4.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 7.00 8.00 8.00 6.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 12.00 11.00 9.00 1.00 2.00 5.00 9.00 7.00 5.00 1.00 1.00 4.00 11.00 10.00 9.00 3.00 1.00 21.00 3.00 4.00 2.00 3.00 1.00 20.00 7.00 5.00 4.00 .00
.00
.00
Bar Chart
Recall1 Recall2 Recall3 542 473 369 Time Recall Level 15 21 36 Statistics
72 F 70 Standard Error 669060326
0.5669060326 1.2664273008 0.0036798364 0.1121252854 0.5545413813 * Recall Color Crosstabulation
Count 15 9 24 12 12 24 15 9 24 Total 42 30 72 .0142857143
Observations 72 Total 71 17.5 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% 0 1.105729152 1.7276041813 1 0.1439361004 0.1439361004 SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Observations 72 1813.1547669105 0 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% 26.7594084666 36.3095197292 0 -0.2383780643 -0.1463173058 SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Observations 72 32.8596017545 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% 4.1651849825 5.0344923899 -0.0300840476 -0.0217041348 Bar Chart Recall Level 2.00 2.00 19.00 8.00 1 = African American 4 = Other 10.00 0.00 3.00 6.00 17.00 21.00 Recall1 Recall3 9.00 6.00 8.00 5.00 5.00 4.00 8.00 7.00 3.00 2.00 7.00 4.00 7.00 4.00 5.00 3.00 6.00 3.00 5.00 3.00 12.00 11.00 9.00 10.00 9.00 7.00 11.00 10.00 8.00 10.00 9.00 7.00 5.00 5.00 3.00 107.00 4.00 134.00 4.00 CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR CORRECT COLOR INCONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR CONSISTENT WRONG COLOR INCONSISTENT WRONG COLOR2
ID
Sex
Ethnicity
Age
Car
Type of Information
Confidence
StressLevel
Recall Color
StressScore
Recall
1
Recall2
Recall3
P1
1.
0
3.00
23.00
1.00
10
0.00
1
2.00
10.00
7.00
P2
1.00 1.00
3
5.00
1
12
6.00
3.00
P3
1.00 1.00
21
1
25.00
11.00
9
P4
1.00 2.00
42
15
9.00
4.00
2.00
P5
1.00 2.00
37.00
1
36
8.00
6.00
P6
1.00 1.00
26.00
107.00
13.00
12.00
P7
2.00 4.00
24
143.00
10.00 9.00 7.00
P8
2.00 2.00
19.00
141.00
15.00
13.00
P9
2.00 1.00
28.00
134.00
8.00
P10
2.00 2.00
20.00
1
48
12.00 11.00 9.00
P11
2.00 2.00
31.00
1
39.00
5.00
P12
2.00 3.00
22.00
1
17.00
P37
1.00 2.00 23.00 1.00 2.00
97.00
11.00 10.00 8.00
P38
1.00 3.00
35.00
P39
1.00 1.00
21.00
120.00
P40
1.00 2.00
42.00
146.00
4.00
P41
1.00 4.00 37.00 1.00 2.00
1
32.00
P42
1.00 2.00 26.00 1.00 2.00
103.00
P43
2.00 3.00
24.00
138.00
P44
2.00 1.00 19.00 2.00 2.00
1
36.00
8.00 7.00 5.00
P45
2.00 2.00 28.00 2.00 2.00
132.00
P46
2.00 1.00 20.00 2.00 2.00 143.00 1.00 2.00 6.00 9.00 9.00 7.00
P47
2.00 2.00 31.00 2.00 2.00 134.00 1.00 2.00 4.00 10.00 9.00 7.00
P48
2.00 2.00 22.00 2.00 2.00
1
14.00
P13
1.00 1.00 25.00 1.00 1.00
76.00
P14
1.00 2.00 32.00 1.00 1.00
99.00
5.00 5.00 3.00
P15
1.00 2.00
27
124.00
P16
1.00 2.00 36.00 1.00 1.00
83.00
P17
1.00 1.00 24.00 1.00 1.00
105.00
P18
1.00 3.00
29.00
78.00
P19
2.00 1.00
18.00
91.00
P20
2.00 2.00 19.00 2.00 1.00 107.00 2.00 2.00 12.00 8.00 8.00 5.00
P21
2.00 3.00 21.00 2.00 1.00
102.00
P22
2.00 1.00 22.00 2.00 1.00 120.00 2.00 1.00 14.00 4.00 5.00 3.00
P23
2.00 2.00 39.00 2.00 1.00
111.00
P24
2.00 4.00
33.00
115.00
16.00
P49
1.00 1.00 25.00 1.00 2.00
75.00
P50
1.00 3.00 32.00 1.00 2.00
96.00
P51
1.00 2.00
27.00
121.00
P52
1.00 1.00 36.00 1.00 2.00
80.00
P53
1.00 2.00 24.00 1.00 2.00 102.00 2.00 2.00 12.00 6.00 4.00 3.00
P54
1.00 2.00 29.00 1.00 2.00 75.00 2.00 1.00 11.00 11.00 10.00 8.00
P55
2.00 2.00 18.00 2.00 2.00
89.00
P56
2.00 1.00 19.00 2.00 2.00
104.00
P57
2.00 2.00 21.00 2.00 2.00 99.00 2.00 2.00 16.00 9.00 7.00 6.00
P58
2.00 2.00 22.00 2.00 2.00
117.00
P59
2.00 3.00 39.00 2.00 2.00
109.00
P60
2.00 1.00 33.00 2.00 2.00
112.00
P25
1.00 1.00 23.00 1.00 1.00
94.00
P26
1.00 3.00 25.00 1.00 1.00
58.00
P27
1.00 1.00 32.00 1.00 1.00
73.00
P28
1.00 2.00 22.00 1.00 1.00
67.00
1.00
P29
1.00 1.00
45.00
81.00
P
30
1.00 2.00
49.00
92.00
P31
2.00 2.00 36.00 2.00 1.00
55.00
P32
2.00 3.00 20.00 2.00 1.00 76.00 3.00 2.00 22.00 6.00 5.00 4.00
P33
2.00 2.00 19.00 2.00 1.00
60.00
P34
2.00 2.00 24.00 2.00 1.00 89.00 3.00 1.00 24.00 2.00 6.00 4.00
P35
2.00 3.00 27.00 2.00 1.00
72
3.00 4.00 2.00
P36
2.00 1.00 24.00 2.00 1.00 78.00 3.00 1.00 18.00 7.00 4.00 2.00
P61
1.00 2.00 23.00 1.00 2.00
93.00
P62
1.00 1.00 25.00 1.00 2.00
59.00
P63
1.00 2.00 32.00 1.00 2.00
71
P64
1.00 3.00 22.00 1.00 2.00
68.00
P65
1.00 4.00 45.00 1.00 2.00
79.00
P66
1.00 1.00 49.00 1.00 2.00 94.00 3.00 2.00 21.00 8.00 5.00 4.00
P67
2.00 2.00 36.00 2.00 2.00
54.00
P68
2.00 1.00 20.00 2.00 2.00
77.00
P69
2.00 3.00 19.00 2.00 2.00
62.00
6.00 5.00 3.00
P
70
2.00 1.00 24.00 2.00 2.00
87.00
P71
2.00 2.00 27.00 2.00 2.00
70.00
P72
2.00 3.00 24.00 2.00 2.00 76.00 3.00 2.00 17.00 3.00 3.00 1.00
1=
F
1 = African American
1 = Blue
1 =
Consistent
1 = Low
1 = Correct
2=Male
2 = Caucasian
2 = Green
2 = In
consistent
2 = Medium
2 = In
correct
3 = Latino
3 = High
4 = Other
Sheet4
Sex Ethnicity Age Car Type of Information Confidence StressLevel Recall Color StressScore
Recall1
1.00 3.00 23.00 1.00 1.00
100.00
1.00 1.00 35.00 1.00 1.00 112.00 1.00 1.00 5.00 6.00 5.00 3.00
1.00 1.00 21.00 1.00 1.00
125.00
1.00 2.00 42.00 1.00 1.00
150.00
1.00 2.00 37.00 1.00 1.00
136.00
1.00 1.00 26.00 1.00 1.00 107.00 1.00 1.00 4.00 13.00 12.00 9.00
2.00 4.00 24.00 2.00 1.00 143.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 10.00 9.00 7.00
2.00 2.00 19.00 2.00 1.00 141.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 15.00 13.00 13.00
2.00 1.00 28.00 2.00 1.00 134.00 1.00 1.00 4.00 11.00 10.00 8.00
2.00 2.00 20.00 2.00 1.00
148.00
2.00 2.00 31.00 2.00 1.00
139.00
2.00 3.00 22.00 2.00 1.00 117.00 1.00 1.00 3.00 10.00 9.00 7.00
1.00 2.00 23.00 1.00 2.00 97.00 1.00 1.00 5.00 11.00 10.00 8.00
1.00 3.00 35.00 1.00 2.00 107.00 1.00 2.00 4.00 7.00 7.00 5.00
1.00 1.00 21.00 1.00 2.00 120.00 1.00 1.00 3.00 12.00 10.00 9.00
1.00 2.00 42.00 1.00 2.00 146.00 1.00 2.00 8.00 5.00 5.00 4.00
1.00 4.00 37.00 1.00 2.00 132.00 1.00 2.00 9.00 9.00 8.00 6.00
1.00 2.00 26.00 1.00 2.00 103.00 1.00 1.00 3.00 12.00 11.00 9.00
2.00 3.00 24.00 2.00 2.00 138.00 1.00 2.00 4.00 12.00 10.00 8.00
2.00 1.00 19.00 2.00 2.00 136.00 1.00 1.00 3.00 8.00 7.00 5.00
2.00 2.00 28.00 2.00 2.00 132.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 11.00 11.00 9.00
2.00 1.00 20.00 2.00 2.00 143.00 1.00 2.00 6.00 9.00 9.00 7.00
2.00 2.00 31.00 2.00 2.00 134.00 1.00 2.00 4.00 10.00 9.00 7.00
2.00 2.00 22.00 2.00 2.00
114.00
1.00 1.00 25.00 1.00 1.00 76.00 2.00 1.00 7.00 11.00 9.00 8.00
1.00 2.00 32.00 1.00 1.00 99.00 2.00 1.00 8.00 5.00 5.00 3.00
1.00 2.00 27.00 1.00 1.00 124.00 2.00 2.00 11.00 10.00 7.00 5.00
1.00 2.00 36.00 1.00 1.00 83.00 2.00 1.00 9.00 4.00 6.00 5.00
1.00 1.00 24.00 1.00 1.00 105.00 2.00 1.00 13.00 7.00 5.00 4.00
1.00 3.00 29.00 1.00 1.00 78.00 2.00 1.00 10.00 12.00 10.00 7.00
2.00 1.00 18.00 2.00 1.00 91.00 2.00 2.00 15.00 9.00 8.00 6.00
2.00 2.00 19.00 2.00 1.00 107.00 2.00 2.00 12.00 8.00 8.00 5.00
2.00 3.00 21.00 2.00 1.00 102.00 2.00 1.00 10.00 10.00 9.00 7.00
2.00 1.00 22.00 2.00 1.00 120.00 2.00 1.00 14.00 4.00 5.00 3.00
2.00 2.00 39.00 2.00 1.00 111.00 2.00 2.00 17.00 5.00 4.00 2.00
2.00 4.00 33.00 2.00 1.00 115.00 2.00 1.00 16.00 9.00 7.00 6.00
1.00 1.00 25.00 1.00 2.00 75.00 2.00 2.00 6.00 10.00 8.00 8.00
1.00 3.00 32.00 1.00 2.00 96.00 2.00 2.00 9.00 4.00 3.00 3.00
1.00 2.00 27.00 1.00 2.00 121.00 2.00 1.00 13.00 9.00 7.00 6.00
1.00 1.00 36.00 1.00 2.00 80.00 2.00 2.00 8.00 5.00 4.00 4.00
1.00 2.00 24.00 1.00 2.00 102.00 2.00 2.00 12.00 6.00 4.00 3.00
1.00 2.00 29.00 1.00 2.00 75.00 2.00 1.00 11.00 11.00 10.00 8.00
2.00 2.00 18.00 2.00 2.00 89.00 2.00 2.00 14.00 8.00 8.00 7.00
2.00 1.00 19.00 2.00 2.00 104.00 2.00 1.00 13.00 7.00 6.00 4.00
2.00 2.00 21.00 2.00 2.00 99.00 2.00 2.00 16.00 9.00 7.00 6.00
2.00 2.00 22.00 2.00 2.00 117.00 2.00 1.00 15.00 5.00 5.00 3.00
2.00 3.00 39.00 2.00 2.00 109.00 2.00 2.00 11.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
2.00 1.00 33.00 2.00 2.00 112.00 2.00 2.00 15.00 8.00 6.00 5.00
1.00 1.00 23.00 1.00 1.00 94.00 3.00 1.00 17.00 9.00 7.00 5.00
1.00 3.00 25.00 1.00 1.00 58.00 3.00 1.00 18.00 3.00 2.00 2.00
1.00 1.00 32.00 1.00 1.00 73.00 3.00 2.00 21.00 8.00 6.00 5.00
1.00 2.00 22.00 1.00 1.00 67.00 3.00 1.00 19.00 2.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00 45.00 1.00 1.00 81.00 3.00 1.00 23.00 5.00 3.00 4.00
1.00 2.00 49.00 1.00 1.00 92.00 3.00 1.00 20.00 10.00 7.00 6.00
2.00 2.00 36.00 2.00 1.00 55.00 3.00 1.00 25.00 7.00 5.00 5.00
2.00 3.00 20.00 2.00 1.00 76.00 3.00 2.00 22.00 6.00 5.00 4.00
2.00 2.00 19.00 2.00 1.00 60.00 3.00 1.00 17.00 8.00 7.00 7.00
2.00 2.00 24.00 2.00 1.00 89.00 3.00 1.00 24.00 2.00 6.00 4.00
2.00 3.00 27.00 2.00 1.00
72.00
2.00 1.00 24.00 2.00 1.00 78.00 3.00 1.00 18.00 7.00 4.00 2.00
1.00 2.00 23.00 1.00 2.00 93.00 3.00 1.00 18.00 7.00 5.00 4.00
1.00 1.00 25.00 1.00 2.00 59.00 3.00 2.00 16.00 1.00 1.00 0.00
1.00 2.00 32.00 1.00 2.00
71.00
1.00 3.00 22.00 1.00 2.00 68.00 3.00 2.00 21.00 3.00 3.00 2.00
1.00 4.00 45.00 1.00 2.00 79.00 3.00 1.00 22.00 6.00 4.00 3.00
1.00 1.00 49.00 1.00 2.00 94.00 3.00 2.00 21.00 8.00 5.00 4.00
2.00 2.00 36.00 2.00 2.00 54.00 3.00 2.00 25.00 5.00 4.00 3.00
2.00 1.00 20.00 2.00 2.00 77.00 3.00 1.00 23.00 4.00 4.00 2.00
2.00 3.00 19.00 2.00 2.00 62.00 3.00 2.00 19.00 6.00 5.00 3.00
2.00 1.00 24.00 2.00 2.00 87.00 3.00 2.00 23.00 0.00 1.00 0.00
2.00 2.00 27.00 2.00 2.00 70.00 3.00 1.00 22.00 5.00 5.00 3.00
2.00 3.00 24.00 2.00 2.00 76.00 3.00 2.00 17.00 3.00 3.00 1.00
542
473
369
Recall1 Recall2 Recall3
542 473 369
Computations
Crosstabs
First hypothesis
Type of Information * Recall Color Crosstabulation
Count
Recall Color
Total
correct
incorrect
Type of Information consistent 27 9 36
inconsistent
Total 42 30 72
SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression
Multiple R
0.3380617019
R Square
0.1142857143
Adjusted R Square
0.1016326531
Standard Error
0.4705619741
Observations
ANOVA
df
SS
MS
Significance F
Regression 1 2 2
9.0322580645
0.0036798364
Residual
15.5
0.2214285714
Total 71
17.5
Coefficients
t Stat
P-value
Lower 95%
Upper 95%
Lower 95.0%
Upper 95.0%
Intercept
0.9166666667
0.1753680936
5.2271005964
0.0000016996
0.5
1.2664273008
Type of Information
0.3333333333
0.1109125209
3.0053715352
0.1121252854
0.5545413813
second hypothesis
Third Hypothesis
level of stress
Recall Color Total
correct incorrect level of stress
low
medium
high
SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R
65535
R Square
-6.09036630651514E-16
Adjusted R Square
-0
Standard Error 0.5
ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F Regression 1 -0 -0 -0
ERROR:#NUM!
Residual 70 17.5
0.25
Intercept
1.4166666667
0.1559023911
9.086882225
1.105729152
1.7276041813
StressLevel
-8.01234452659818E-18
0.0721687836
-1.11022302462516E-16
–
0.1439361004
-0.1439361004
fourth hypothesis
Multiple R
0.7057326891
R Square
0.4980586284
Adjusted R Square
0.4908880374
Standard Error
5.1092209045
ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F Regression 1
1813.1547669105
69.458518397
Residual 70
1827.289677534
26.1041382505
Total 71
3640.4444444444
Intercept
31.5344640979
2.3941871133
13.1712613114
1.26219958988561E-20
26.7594084666
36.3095197292
Confidence
-0.192347685
0.0230793836
-8.3341777277
-0.2383780643
-0.1463173058
Multiple R
0.8273904982
R Square
0.6845750366
Adjusted R Square
0.6800689656
Standard Error
0.4650713961
ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F Regression 1
32.8596017545
151.9228282848
3.30182621538373E-19
Residual 70
15.1403982455
0.2162914035
Total 71 48
Intercept
4.5998386862
0.2179330204
21.1066623983
4.56326605584298E-32
4.1651849825
5.0344923899
Confidence
-0.0258940912
0.0021008215
-12.3256978823
3.30182621538371E-19
-0.0300840476
-0.0217041348
Recall1 Recall2 Recall3 542 473 369 TimeWeek2 Project Data
Sex Ethnicity Age Recall1
1.00 3.00 23.00
12.00
1.00 1.00 35.00 6.00
1.00 1.00 21.00
11.00
1.00 2.00 42.00 3.00
1.00 2.00 37.00 8.00
1.00 1.00 26.00 13.00
2.00 4.00 24.00
10.00
2.00 2.00 19.00
15.00
2.00 1.00 28.00 11.00
2.00 2.00 20.00 12.00
2.00 2.00 31.00 9.00
2.00 3.00 22.00 10.00
1.00 2.00 23.00 11.00
1.00 3.00 35.00 7.00
1.00 1.00 21.00 12.00
1.00 2.00 42.00 5.00
1.00 4.00 37.00 9.00
1.00 2.00 26.00 12.00
2.00 3.00 24.00 12.00
2.00 1.00 19.00 8.00
2.00 2.00 28.00 11.00
2.00 1.00 20.00 9.00
2.00 2.00 31.00 10.00
2.00 2.00 22.00 11.00
1.00 1.00 25.00 11.00
1.00 2.00 32.00 5.00
1.00 2.00 27.00 10.00
1.00 2.00 36.00 4.00
1.00 1.00 24.00 7.00
1.00 3.00 29.00 12.00
2.00 1.00 18.00 9.00
2.00 2.00 19.00 8.00
2.00 3.00 21.00 10.00
2.00 1.00 22.00 4.00
2.00 2.00 39.00 5.00
2.00 4.00 33.00 9.00
1.00 1.00 25.00 10.00
1.00 3.00 32.00 4.00
1.00 2.00 27.00 9.00
1.00 1.00 36.00 5.00
1.00 2.00 24.00 6.00
1.00 2.00 29.00 11.00
2.00 2.00 18.00 8.00
2.00 1.00 19.00 7.00
2.00 2.00 21.00 9.00
2.00 2.00 22.00 5.00
2.00 3.00 39.00 4.00
2.00 1.00 33.00 8.00
1.00 1.00 23.00 9.00
1.00 3.00 25.00 3.00
1.00 1.00 32.00 8.00
1.00 2.00 22.00 2.00
1.00 1.00 45.00 5.00
1.00 2.00 49.00 10.00
2.00 2.00 36.00 7.00
2.00 3.00 20.00 6.00
2.00 2.00 24.00 2.00
2.00 3.00 27.00 3.00
2.00 1.00 24.00 7.00
1.00 2.00 23.00 7.00
1.00 1.00 25.00 1.00
1.00 2.00 32.00 7.00
1.00 3.00 22.00 3.00
1.00 4.00 45.00 6.00
1.00 1.00 49.00 8.00
2.00 2.00 36.00 5.00
2.00 1.00 20.00 4.00
2.00 3.00 19.00 6.00
2.00 1.00 24.00 0.00
2.00 2.00 27.00 5.00
2.00 3.00 24.00 3.00
1=Female
2=Male 2 = Caucasian
3 = Latino
Week 3 Project Data
ID Recall1
z-Score
P1 12.00
Mean =
7.53
P2 6.00
SD =
3.23
P3 11.00
P4 3.00
P5 8.00
P6 13.00
P7 10.00
P8 15.00
P9 11.00
P10 12.00
P11 9.00
P12 10.00
P37 11.00
P38 7.00
P39 12.00
P40 5.00
P41 9.00
P42 12.00
P43 12.00
P44 8.00
P45 11.00
P46 9.00
P47 10.00
P48 11.00
P13 11.00
P14 5.00
P15 10.00
P16 4.00
P17 7.00
P18 12.00
P19 9.00
P20 8.00
P21 10.00
P22 4.00
P23 5.00
P24 9.00
P49 10.00
P50 4.00
P51 9.00
P52 5.00
P53 6.00
P54 11.00
P55 8.00
P56 7.00
P57 9.00
P58 5.00
P59 4.00
P60 8.00
P25 9.00
P26 3.00
P27 8.00
P28 2.00
P29 5.00
P30
P31 7.00
P32 6.00
P33 8.00
P34 2.00
P35 3.00
P36 7.00
P61 7.00
P62 1.00
P63 7.00
P64 3.00
P65 6.00
P66 8.00
P67 5.00
P68 4.00
P69 6.00
P70
P71 5.00
P72 3.00
Week 6 Project Data
StressScore
5.00
2.00
9.00
7.00
4.00
3.00
1.00
4.00
2.00
5.00
3.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
8.00
9.00
3.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
6.00
4.00
4.00
7.00
8.00
11.00
9.00
13.00
10.00
15.00
12.00
10.00
14.00
17.00
16.00
9.00
13.00
8.00
12.00
11.00
14.00
13.00
16.00
15.00
11.00
15.00
17.00
18.00
21.00
19.00
23.00
20.00
25.00
22.00
24.00
18.00
18.00
16.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
21.00
25.00
23.00
19.00
23.00
22.00
17.00
Week 7 Project Data
Consistent
Inconsistent
100.00 97.00 12.00 7.00
112.00 107.00 6.00 3.00
125.00 120.00 11.00 9.00
150.00 146.00 3.00 2.00
136.00 132.00 8.00 6.00
107.00 103.00 13.00 9.00
143.00 138.00 10.00 7.00
141.00 136.00 15.00 13.00
134.00 132.00 11.00 8.00
148.00 143.00 12.00 9.00
139.00 134.00 9.00 5.00
117.00 114.00 10.00 7.00
76.00 75.00 11.00 8.00
99.00 96.00 7.00 5.00
124.00 121.00 12.00 9.00
83.00 80.00 5.00 4.00
105.00 102.00 9.00 6.00
78.00 75.00 12.00 9.00
91.00 89.00 12.00 8.00
107.00 104.00 8.00 5.00
102.00 99.00 11.00 9.00
120.00 117.00 9.00 7.00
111.00 109.00 10.00 7.00
115.00 112.00 11.00 9.00
94.00 93.00 11.00 8.00
58.00 59.00 5.00 3.00
73.00 71.00 10.00 5.00
67.00 68.00 4.00 5.00
81.00 79.00 7.00 4.00
92.00 94.00 12.00 7.00
55.00 54.00 9.00 6.00
76.00 77.00 8.00 5.00
60.00 62.00 10.00 7.00
89.00 87.00 4.00 3.00
72.00 70.00 5.00 2.00
78.00 76.00 9.00 6.00
10.00 8.00
4.00 3.00
9.00 6.00
5.00 4.00
6.00 3.00
11.00 8.00
8.00 7.00
7.00 4.00
5.00 3.00
4.00 4.00
8.00 5.00
9.00 5.00
3.00 2.00
2.00 1.00
10.00 6.00
7.00 5.00
6.00 4.00
2.00 4.00
7.00 2.00
1.00 0.00
3.00 2.00
6.00 3.00 8.00 4.00
4.00 2.00
0.00 0.00
3.00 1.00
Week 8 Project Data
LowStress
MediumStress
HighStress
6.00 5.00 3.00
11.00 10.00 8.00
3.00 4.00 2.00
8.00 7.00 5.00 13.00 12.00 10.00
15.00 8.00 6.00
12.00 4.00 2.00
9.00 5.00 3.00
11.00 10.00 7.00
7.00 4.00 1.00
12.00 9.00 7.00
9.00 6.00 6.00
12.00 11.00 8.00
12.00 8.00 5.00
8.00 7.00 4.00
11.00 9.00 6.00
9.00 5.00 0.00
10.00 4.00 5.00
11.00 8.00 3.00
Week 9 Project Data
Confidence StressScore
100.00 3.00
112.00 5.00
125.00 2.00
150.00 9.00
136.00 7.00
107.00 4.00
143.00 3.00
141.00 1.00
134.00 4.00
148.00 2.00
139.00 5.00
117.00 3.00
97.00 5.00
120.00 3.00
146.00 8.00
132.00 9.00
103.00 3.00
138.00 4.00
136.00 3.00
132.00 2.00
143.00 6.00
114.00 4.00
76.00 7.00
99.00 8.00
124.00 11.00
83.00 9.00
105.00 13.00
78.00 10.00
91.00 15.00
107.00 12.00
102.00 10.00
120.00 14.00
111.00 17.00
115.00 16.00
75.00 6.00
96.00 9.00
121.00 13.00
80.00 8.00
102.00 12.00
75.00 11.00
89.00 14.00
104.00 13.00
99.00 16.00
117.00 15.00
109.00 11.00
112.00 15.00
94.00 17.00
58.00 18.00
73.00 21.00
67.00 19.00
81.00 23.00
92.00 20.00
55.00 25.00
76.00 22.00
60.00 17.00
89.00 24.00
72.00 21.00
78.00 18.00
93.00 18.00
59.00 16.00
71.00 20.00
68.00 21.00
79.00 22.00
94.00 21.00
54.00 25.00
77.00 23.00
62.00 19.00
87.00 23.00
70.00 22.00
76.00 17.00
Week 10 Project Data
Type of Information Recall Color
CONSISTENT
CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
INCONSISTENT
INCONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
INCONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
INCONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
INCONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
INCONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
INCONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
INCONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
INCONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
INCONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
INCONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
INCONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
INCONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
INCONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
CONSISTENT
WRONG COLOR
CONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
INCONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
INCONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
INCONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
INCONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
INCONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
CONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
CONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
CONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
CONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
INCONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
INCONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
INCONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
INCONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
INCONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
INCONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
INCONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
INCONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
CONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
CONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
INCONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
INCONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
INCONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
INCONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
INCONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
INCONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
INCONSISTENT WRONG COLOR
CONSISTENT CORRECT COLOR
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