Create a visual study guides for the second module: Non-Human Primates (Lectures 7-12 + Labs 3-5).
The main goal of the visual study guide is for you to demonstrate the most important topics covered in the course through your own point of view. We want to see how you reinterpret and connect the ideas discussed in the course in a bigger picture. Think of it as a tool for yourself, or a product that would let you explain to anyone who is not in the class what are the most important take-aways from this module.
Your Visual Study Guide can be done in several formats: a mindmap (
https://www.mindmapping.com/ (Links to an external site.)
), an infographic (
https://piktochart.com/formats/infographics/ (Links to an external site.)
), a drawing/painting, or even an animation. The important thing is that you demonstrate how the main topics in the course connect to specific subtopics, which in turn are related to ideas or facts.
If you want to see some cool examples of how to build a nice and effective mind map, check this out:
https://www.mindmeister.com/blog/mind-map-examples/ (Links to an external site.)
The Visual Study Guide should include at least the following information:
Finally, be creative!
Primate Social
Behavior 2
Anthropology 2200
Non-residential pattern
aspects primate behavior
•
•
• Culture
•
behaviors
• Tool use
•
Social
Strategies
• Male reproductive strategy
competition for mates
• Produce lots of offspring
• Prevent other
males
from doing
the same thing
• Intimidation
• Fighting
• Leads to sexual selection
• Body size / canine dimorphism
Mandrill:
Coloration = health
Tooth size
Uakari:
Color = health
and dominance
Male Competition
• Sperm competition
• Relationship between:
• Testes size
• Penis size
• More competition = larger size
Female
Competition
• Female reproductive strategy
competition for resources
• Ensure the survival of
offspring
• Dominance relationships
• Access to resources
Female
Baboon
hierarchy
Competition
• Aggressive behaviors
• Direct eye contact
• Raising eyebrows
• Baring canines
• Charging
Gelada
Baboons
Competition
• Subordination
• Ritualized behavior
• Showing backside
• Cowering
• Presenting to groom
• Greeting with friendly facial
expressions and vocalizations
• Intended to ease tension
• Prevent conflict
Unequal Pay –
Primate Jealousy
• Differences in food quality
• Personal jealousy?
Capuchin
monkeys
and equity
Cooperation
• Affiliative behaviors
• Promote group
cohesion
• Assurance
• Pleasure
• Reciprocity
Cooperation
• Form of Altruism
• Behavior that benefits others while being a
disadvantage to the individual
• Grooming/playing
• Hunting/Food sharing
• Caregiving
• Attacking predators
• Giving warning calls
• Kin selection
• Behavior that increases the fitness of those
closely related to the individual
• Usually the focus of altruistic behavior
• Increases the donor’s inclusive fitness
• Reproductive success of
organism and close kin
Cooperation
• Grooming to remove parasites and
dead skin
• Maintains close contact between
family members and non-related
group members
• Eases tension
• Promotes group cohesion
Chimpanzee
grooming
Cooperation
• Playing
• Maintains close contact between family
members and non-related group members
• Eases tension
• Promotes group cohesion
Bonobos Playing
Cooperation
• Caring for young that are not yours
• Alloparenting
• Individual other than parent cares for
the infant
• Usually done by females (in some
species, males also contribute)
Capuchin Monkey
Squirrel Monkey
Cooperation
• Attacking predators and giving warning calls
• Allows other members of the group to
escape
• Might lead to injury or death
Vervet Monkey did not survive….
Baboon did survive
Cooperation
• Group Hunting/Foraging
• Find food more efficiently
• Might find food/hunt prey that you
could not get as an individual
• Have to share
• Might get injured during hunt
Chimpanzee
hunting
Cooperation
• Warfare
• Observed in chimps
• Group fights between chimps over
territory
• Often kill neighboring males
• Territory = access to food resources
Chimpanzee patrol
composed of primarily
males
Chimpanzee
raids
Chimpanzee
politics
So where do these behaviors come
from?
Parenting
• Prolonged period of development
• Prolonged period of parental care
• Allows parents to teach offspring how to succeed
socially/in environment
• Parents VERY important!
Parenting
• 1950s psychological experiments (Harry Harlow)
• Demonstrated parenting = not just nourishment
• Monkey’s taken from mothers shortly after birth
• Raised alone in cages: wire “nourishing” mother, cloth
mother, no mother
• Preferred cloth mother = warmth, comfort, security
• No mother = distressed, refused to eat, died
Parenting
• Specifics – what do
primates learn from their
parents?
• Non-verbal and verbal
communication
• Social behavior:
competition and
cooperation
• Tool use
• Parenting behavior
• Culture!
How do we know its culture
and not just inborn behavior?
• Harlow’s Experiments
• Japanese Macaques
• Beach of Koshima
• Wash sweet potatoes in salt water
• 1 decade idea spread
• From very few to most
Japanese
macaques
The
unique
side of
bonobos
• Tool use: Chimpanzees
• Spears and their use for hunting bush babies
•
• Chewed leaves as sponges
• Rocks for breaking open nuts
Chimps
spearing
Termite
fishing
Culture: Examples
• Chimp grooming traditions
• Differ depending on the group
• Gombe National Park, Tanzania
• Groom each other by holding an overhead branch with one hand
and grooming a partner with the other
• Mahale National Park, Tanzania
• Clasp hands while grooming
Gombe Mahale
• Voluntary (intentional)
• e.g. postures,
vocalizations, and
facial expressions
• Autonomic
(unintentional)
• e.g. estrus
Voluntary Communication Example:
Gorilla
• Sharp grunting: a sign of disapproval.
• Chuckling: a sign of playfulness.
• Screaming: a sign of alarm or warning.
• High-pitched barking: a sign of curiosity.
• Roaring: a sign of aggression.
• Belching: a sign of contentment
Language
• Significant human
development
• Communication in non-
human primates:
• Emotional
• Only in the present
• Predator alarm system
• Establish territories
Language
• Non-human primates
• Many have been taught ASL
• Don’t have vocal range for
human language/no syntax
• Teach others ASL
• Can make references to external
objects
• E.g. “go get ball outside”
• Can identify images of things in
addition to the things themselves
Koko with All Ball
Koko’s
sign
language
Male Competition
Male Competition
Competition
Competition
Cooperation
Cooperation
Cooperation
Cooperation
Cooperation
Cooperation
Cooperation
Cooperation
Parenting
Parenting
Culture: Examples
Termite fishing
Culture: Examples
Communication
Language
Language
Primate
1
Anthropology 2200
Pygmy Marmosets
• SIZE DIVERSITY IN PRIMATES
Mouse lemur (Microcebus berthae)
3.6 inches, 1.1 oz
Adult Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla)
440 lb
loris gibbon
aye aye
gorilla
chimpanzee
tarsier
capuchin orangutan
spider monkey baboon
ring tailed
lemur
Japanese
macaque bonobo
howler
monkey
mouse
lemur
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/images/slender_loris2 &imgrefurl=http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/slender_loris.htm&h=263&w=200&sz=47&hl=en&start=13&tbnid=nLs_chB2g88zcM:&tbnh=112&tbnw=85&prev=/images?q=loris&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.missouri.edu/%7Eanthmark/courses/mah/images/gibbon &imgrefurl=http://www.missouri.edu/%7Eanthmark/courses/mah/factfiles/gibbon.htm&h=379&w=250&sz=22&hl=en&start=3&tbnid=DRUDKCdMhJKu4M:&tbnh=123&tbnw=81&prev=/images?q=gibbon&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.animalinfo.org/image/mada6%20j%2018 &imgrefurl=http://www.animalinfo.org/species/primate/daubmada.htm&h=279&w=400&sz=18&hl=en&start=12&tbnid=2WHeu9_xoPt70M:&tbnh=86&tbnw=124&prev=/images?q=aye+aye&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://mishuna.image.pbase.com/u44/gpc/large/28671810.gorillafr &imgrefurl=http://www.pbase.com/gpc/image/28671810&h=765&w=800&sz=102&hl=en&start=7&tbnid=fFcOcElDLdYVsM:&tbnh=137&tbnw=143&prev=/images?q=gorilla&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&sa=X
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.wellingtonzoo.com/images/kea/_animals_animals_primates_chimpanzee.htmlKeaBlock_right_image &imgrefurl=http://www.wellingtonzoo.com/animals/animals/primates/chimpanzee.html&h=207&w=157&sz=6&hl=en&start=15&tbnid=DXZ12d0wNzqRpM:&tbnh=105&tbnw=80&prev=/images?q=chimpanzee&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.astrosurf.com/lombry/Bio/tarsier &imgrefurl=http://www.astrosurf.com/lombry/bioastro-origine-avenir-homme.htm&h=351&w=354&sz=34&hl=en&start=8&tbnid=-i9oX8hHJ8N-9M:&tbnh=120&tbnw=121&prev=/images?q=tarsier&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.kidszoo.com/images/animals/Capuchin &imgrefurl=http://www.kidszoo.com/animals/capuchinmonkey.htm&h=292&w=262&sz=30&hl=en&start=11&tbnid=m6OS5Lvt6hpbsM:&tbnh=115&tbnw=103&prev=/images?q=capuchin&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.divehappy.com/borneo/sepilok_orangutan &imgrefurl=http://www.divehappy.com/2005/09/borneo-sepilok-orangutan-sanctuary.php&h=333&w=250&sz=33&hl=en&start=28&tbnid=wVH8nTvenZuYiM:&tbnh=119&tbnw=89&prev=/images?q=orangutan&start=20&ndsp=20&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&sa=N
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.frognet.org/albums/album46/spider_monkey &imgrefurl=http://www.frognet.org/gallery/album46/spider_monkey&h=1144&w=1520&sz=319&hl=en&start=22&tbnid=Wzozig2-Ut800M:&tbnh=113&tbnw=150&prev=/images?q=spider+monkey&start=20&ndsp=20&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&sa=N
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.wildlife-pictures-online.com/image-files/baboon_lznp-3123m &imgrefurl=http://www.wildlife-pictures-online.com/baboon_lznp-3123.html&h=450&w=600&sz=61&hl=en&start=31&tbnid=aTtib6qKhc8nEM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=135&prev=/images?q=baboon&start=20&ndsp=20&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&sa=N
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sch.im/wlp/large%20images/ring-tailed%20lemur &imgrefurl=http://www.sch.im/wlp/pages/ring-tailed%20lemur%201.htm&h=331&w=520&sz=56&hl=en&start=19&tbnid=zABkKAzIdYXSZM:&tbnh=83&tbnw=131&prev=/images?q=lemur&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://nootropics.com/gaba/macaque &imgrefurl=http://nootropics.com/gaba/index.html&h=350&w=269&sz=15&hl=en&start=30&tbnid=lBsiRxA12Gp9AM:&tbnh=120&tbnw=92&prev=/images?q=macaque&start=20&ndsp=20&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&sa=N
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.wwf.be/img/visual/news/dossier_chimpanze/bonobo &imgrefurl=http://www.wwf.be/fr/index.cfm?group=news&menu=dossier_chimpanze.cfm&page=dossiers/chimpanze/bonobo.cfm&h=298&w=200&sz=15&hl=en&start=40&tbnid=3WKRTCTTYeEKHM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=78&prev=/images?q=bonobo&start=20&ndsp=20&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&sa=N
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.wildernessclassroom.com/www/schoolhouse/rainforest_library/animal_images/howler_monkey &imgrefurl=http://www.wildernessclassroom.com/students/archives/2005/03/howler_monkeys.html&h=500&w=339&sz=29&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=dKiiqmjSK5OWQM:&tbnh=130&tbnw=88&prev=/images?q=howler+monkey&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/%7Ewesleym/Monkeys/mouse-lemur &imgrefurl=http://flody.blogspot.com/2005_12_01_flody_archive.html&h=520&w=397&sz=29&hl=en&start=95&tbnid=kthot37dbZXqJM:&tbnh=131&tbnw=100&prev=/images?q=lemur&start=80&ndsp=20&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&sa=N
• What is a Primate?
• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Primates
• Suborders:
•
(Lemur, Loris,
Galago
)
• Infraorder: Lemuriformes
• Haplorhines (
, Monkeys, Apes, and
Humans)
• Infraorders:
• Tarsiiformes
• Anthropoidea (Parvorders =
Platyrrhini and Catarrhini)
• Slender Loris
Taxonomy
Cladistic Taxonomy:
/Strepsirrhini
Nomenclature preferred by many
• Places Tarsiers in with Haplorhines
• Many believe this system is more evolutionarily accurate!
Tarsiers
Strepsirhines
vs. Haplorhines
• Strepsirhines: lemurs, lorises,
galagos
• Haplorhines: everything else
(tarsiers, New World Monkeys,
Old World Monkeys, Apes,
humans)
• They split around 55-80 million
years ago
Slender Loris Galago/Bush Baby Ring Tailed Lemur
Strepsirhines
Strepsirhines
• Found in Africa and Asia
(13% of Primates)
• Retain many primitive
characteristics
• This does not mean that
they are the ancestors
of monkeys!!!
• Primitive Trait
• Tapetum lucidum
• Layer behind the
retina
• Reflects visible light
back through the
retina
• Improves vision in
low light conditions
Sportive Lemur Retina
Primitive Trait
Partially stereoscopic
vision (primitive)
Lack color vision
(primitive)
• Communication for
nocturnal animals
• Ancestral trait
• Scent glands
• Marking
• Messages
• Large olfactory bulb
• Part of brain for scent
• Rhinarium moist nose
• readily picks up
scents
Mouse Lemur
Ring Tail Lemur
• Primitive Trait
• Lemurs, Galagos, Lorises:
2nd Toe (Aye-Aye = 2-5)
• Purpose:
• Grooming
• Extracting insects
Ruffled Lemur
Galago
• Derived Trait
• Used for:
• Grooming
• Extracting resin
from trees
Ring Tailed Lemur
• Only found on the island of
Madagascar
• Only non-human primate found
there
• Lots of diversity
• 20 mya split from Africa
• Adaptive radiation
• Represent 21% of primate
genera worldwide
Lemuroidea : Lemurs
• Ring-tailed lemur
• More terrestrial
• Black and white ringed tail
• Omnivorous
• Diurnal
• Forest and spiny scrub
• Highly social
• Female dominant
• Common in Lemurs
• Sent marking
• Stink Fighting
Lemuroidea : Lemurs
• Mouse lemur
• Smallest primate
• < 1 lb.
• Eat insects, small vertebrates,
gum, fruit, flowers, nectar,
leaves
• Nocturnal
Grey mouse
lemur
Tend to have more specialized diets and behaviors than
anthropoids (derived)
• Often fill very specific niches
• Lemurs on Madagascar
Vertical clinging and leaping
Often solitary
Clinging
Sifaka
Lemuroidea :
Aye-aye
• Nocturnal
• Mainly insectivorous
• Thin middle finger to forage for
grubs
Taps to find grubs
Gnaws bark
Uses finger to pull out grubs
• Solitary
Aye-aye
• Lorises
• Tropical Africa and
Southeast Asia
• Nocturnal
• Slow-moving,
deliberate stalkers of
small prey
Lorisoidea: Lorises
• Slow loris
• Toxic bite
• Lick gland on their arm
• Secretion activates with
saliva (adult/baby)
• Communicate by sent
marking
• Eat small animals, fruit, gum,
vegetation
• Hunted for exotic pet trade
How poisonous is the slow
loris?
• Allergen similar to Felid 1
Cat allergen in dander
Anaphylactic shock
Red blood cells in urine
Depends how allergic you are!
• “Bush-babies” – Subfamily of
Lorises
• Sub-Saharan Africa
• Nocturnal
• Vertical clingers and leapers
• Insectivorous
Lorisoidea: Galagos
Can turn its head over 180
degrees
Index finger more widely
spaced
• Feeding
• Gripping branches
Nocturnal
• Large Eyes
• Large Ears
Haplorhini
Tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans
• Larger body
• Larger brain-to-body size ratio
• More sexually dimorphic
• Less specialized dentition (fewer premolars)
• Greater reliance on vision than on smell
• Post-orbital closure
• Diurnal rather than nocturnal
Differ from Strepsirhines in a variety of ways
Tarsiers vs. all other
Haplorhines
• Tarsiers are taxonomically
problematic
• Prosimian/anthropoid
• Strepsirhine/haplorhine
• They possess a mixture of
primitive and derived traits
• Divergence time of ca. 50-
70 Million years ago?
Infraorder: Tarsiiformes
(Tarsiers) • Tarsiers
• Southeast Asia
• Nocturnal
• eye larger than brain
• Vertical clingers and
leapers
• Grooming claw: 2nd and 3rd
Toes
• Highly carnivorous
• Lizards, frogs, insects
Name refers to two
elongated tarsals – extra
leverage for leaping
Tarsiers
Examine primate classification
Primates
Taxonomy
Strepsirhines
Ring-tailed lemur
Strepsirhines
High rates of nocturnality
Post Orbital Bar: No Closure
Reliance on Olfaction
Grooming claw
Tooth comb
Lemuroidea : Lemurs
Lemuroidea : Lemurs
Lemuroidea : Lemurs
Additional Traits
Sifaka
Aye-aye
Lorisoidea: Lorises
Lorisoidea: Lorises
The Bite of a Slow Loris
Lorisoidea: Galagos
Lorisoidea: Galagos
Haplorhini
Tarsiiformes: Tarsiers
Tarsiers
Primate
Taxonomy 2
Anthropology 2200
Infraorder:
Anthropoidea
Two
Parvorders
Platyrrhini
“Broad-nosed
Catarrhini
“Hook-nosed”
2:1:3:3/2 2:1:2:3
Anthropoids:
Platyrrhini
• Central/South American
Monkeys
• Latin and South America
• Central/South American monkeys
• Arboreal quadrupeds
• Suspensory locomotion
• Many = Prehensile tail
• Not in African/Asian Monkeys
• Diverse diet
• Leaves, fruit, insects
Spider Monkey
Platyrrhini:
Ceboidea
• Two Families
• Atelidae
• Howler, Owl, Spider, Titi,
and Woolly monkeys,
Uakaris, and Sakis
• Cebidae
• Marmosets, Tamarins,
Capuchins, Squirrel
Monkeys
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea:
Cebidae
• Marmosets/Tamarins
• Retain claws instead of
nails
• Smallest Platyrrhini
• Twin (Chimerism)
• Insectivores
• Unusual dental
formula
• 2:1:3:2
Golden Lion Tamarin Silvery Marmoset
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea:
Cebidae
• Capuchin monkeys
• Name from Order of Friars
Minor Capuchin
• Often in Movies!
White Fronted Capuchin
Platyrrhini:
Ceboidea: Atelidae
• Includes subfamilies:
• Aotidae
• Pitheciidae
• Atelidae
• Alouattinae
Platyrrhini:
Ceboidea: Atelidae
• Owl/Night Monkey
• Only truly nocturnal monkey
• Vocal calls/Sent Marking
• Susceptible to human forms of
Malaria
• Used for malaria research
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea:
Atelidae
• Pitheciidae
• Titis
• Sakis
• Uakaris
White Faced SakiUakari
Titi Monkeys (morning calls) Uakari Saki
Platyrrhini:
Ceboidea: Atelidae
• Spider monkeys
• Wooly monkeys
• Only monkeys with
prehensile tails (aside from
Howler)
Spider MonkeyWooly Monkey
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea:
Atelidae
•
• Prehensile tail
• Make loud
vocalizations
Howler monkey
Platyrrhini:
Ceboidea:
Cebidae
• Howler monkey
• Male hyoid enlarged
• resonating chamber
• Loudest land animals
• Protect territory,
resources, females
• Asian and African monkeys
• Apes
• Humans
Catarrhini:
Cercopithecoidae
• African and Asian Monkeys
• Colobinae
• Cercopithecinae
Catarrhini:
Cercopithecoidae
• African and Asian monkeys
• Diverse range of habitats
• Some are arboreal while
others are terrestrial
• No prehensile tail
• High level of sexual
dimorphism (canines,
body)
Catarrhini:
Cercopithecoidae
• Ischial Callosities
• Sitting Pad
• Thickened calluses on
Backside
• Only in Af/As monkeys
• Help monkeys to sleep on thin
branches away from predators
Ischial
Callosity
Catarrhini:
Cercopithecoidae
• Visual Estrus
• Hormonally influenced period of sexual receptivity in females
• Skin around genitals becomes inflated/red
• Advertises fertility and receptivity
Catarrhini:
Cercopithecoidae:
Colobinae
• Includes:
• Langurs
• Colobus Monkeys
• Proboscis Monkeys
• Mostly folivorous
• Sacculated stomachs
• Bilophodont teeth
Langur
Black and White
Colobus Monkey
:
Colobinae
Proboscis monkey
Large nose may be due to sexual selection!
Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae:
Cercopithecinae • Includes:
•
Baboon
s
• Macaques
• Vervet Monkeys
• Frugivores (fruit-eaters)
• Low, rounded molar
cusps
• Cheek pouches
Vervet
Baboon
Anthropoids:
Catarrhini: Hominoidea
• Lesser apes
• Great apes
• Humans
Catarrhines:
Hominoidea
Bonobo
Gibbon
Chimpanzee
Anthropoids:
Hominoidea
• Differ from monkeys in various ways:
• Absence of an external tail
• Larger brains
• Extended period of infant development
and dependency
• Y-5 lower molar pattern
• Canine-premolar honing complex
Anthropoids:
Catarrhini: Hominoidea
• Two Families:
• Hylobatidae
• Gibbons, Siamangs
• Hominidae
• Orangutans, gorillas,
chimpanzees, bonobos,
humans
:
Hylobatidae Lesser apes
Southeast Asia
Tropical and
subtropical forests
Frugivores
Highly territorial
Siren songs
Arboreal
Brachiation
Anthropoids:
Hominoidea:
Hylobatidae
• Siamang
• Sexual dichromatism
• Great apes and Humans
• Orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees,
and bonobos (pygmy chimpanzees) =
Great Apes
• More terrestrial
• Various forms of locomotion
• Dietary diversity
• Great Apes are Knuckle walkers –
aside from Orangutans
Anthropoids:
Hominoidea
• Three Subfamilies:
• Ponginae (Orangutans)
• Gorillinae (Gorillas)
• Homininae (Humans,
Chimps,
)
• Homininae has two Tribes:
• Panini (Chimps, Bonobos)
• Hominini (Humans)
Anthropoids: Hominoidea:
Hominidae: Ponginae
• Orangutan
• Borneo and Sumatra
• Sexually dimorphic
• Males weigh up to 200 lbs.
• Twice the size and weight
of adult females
• Arboreal
• Slow climbers
• Frugivores
• Solitary lives
Orangutan
Anthropoids:
Hominoidea:
Hominidae: Ponginae
Orangutan
Anthropoids:
Hominoidea:
Hominidae: Gorillinae
• Gorilla
• Equatorial Africa
• Largest living primate
• Males weigh up to
400 lbs.
• Sexually dimorphic
• Knuckle-walkers
• Folivorous
• Highly cohesive groups
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae:
Gorillinae
• Gorilla
Female Male
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae:
Gorillinae
• Gorilla
differences in size and shape based on sex
Anthropoids: Hominoidea:
Hominidae: Gorillinae
• Gorilla
• Exclusively vegetarian diet
• Large canines are to fend off other males
• Shy and gentle
• Only violent when threatened or in competition for
females
• 1 male multi-female
Gorilla
Anthropoids: Hominoidea:
Hominidae: Homininae: Panini
• Chimpanzee
• Equatorial Africa
• Various modes of locomotion
• Less sexually dimorphic than
orangutans and gorillas
• Omnivores
• Complex social behaviors
• Highly territorial
• Genetically closer to humans than
to gorillas
Anthropoids: Hominoidea:
Hominidae: Homininae: Panini
Chimpanzee
Anthropoids: Hominoidea:
Hominidae: Homininae: Panini
• Bonobo
• Congo (Central Africa)
• Smaller than the “common”
chimpanzee
• Longer legs and differently shaped
chest
• More arboreal
• Lowland rain forest habitat
• Less excitable/aggressive
• Unique sexuality
Anthropoids: Hominoidea:
Hominidae: Homininae: Panini
Bonobo
Bonobos
Anthropoids: Hominoidea:
Hominidae: Homininae: Hominini
Habitual bipeds
Omnivores
Spoken language
Large, complex brains
Infraorder: Anthropoidea
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea
Emperor tamarin
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Cebidae
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Atelidae
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Atelidae
Bald uakari monkey
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Atelidae
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Atelidae
Howler monkey
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Cebidae
Anthropoids: Catarrhini
Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae
Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae
Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae
Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae
Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae: Colobinae
Baboons
Anthropoids: Hominoidea
Anthropoids: Catarrhini: Hominoidea
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hylobatidae
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae
Anthropoids: Hominoidea
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Ponginae
Orangutan
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Gorillinae
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Gorillinae
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Gorillinae
Gorilla
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Homininae: Panini
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Homininae: Panini
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Homininae: Panini
Bonobos
1
Anthropology 2200
Why do we care?
• Primate behavioral ecology
• Social behavior
• Types of social groups
Stress, Social Hierarchy,
and
Baboon
s
• Robert Sapolsky
• Neurobiologist at Stanford
• Studies Olive Baboons
• East Africa
• 30 + years
• Takes blood samples
• Tests levels of cortisol and epinephrine
• Neurotransmitters that trigger brain activity
• Found that higher stress levels were present in
lower ranking individuals
• Whitehall UK government study found the same in
humans
• Study went further when aggressive dominant
male baboons died of TB
• Changed culture in affected baboon troop
The Beginning: Louis
Leakey
• Discovered human ancestors
• Olduvai Gorge, E. Africa
• Can we use modern great apes to understand
human behavior?
• Sent three untrained women to study ape behavior:
•
• Diane Fossey
•
Jane Goodall
• Studied Chimpanzees at Gombe National Park
(20 years)
• Noted similarities between chimps and
humans:
• Emotions
• Intelligence
• Family and social behavior
• Aggression
• Tool use
• Termite fishing
• Dispelled “man the tool maker”
• https://www.janegoodall.org/
• Studied
Gorilla
s in Rwanda (18 Years)
• Demonstrated that Gorillas were not as
fierce as people assumed
• Helped save Mountain Gorillas from
extinction
• Social relations, feeding behavior,
infanticide, vocalization
• Murdered in 1985 – Unsolved
Birute Galdikas
Primate Behavioral
Ecology
• Understanding the ecological
and evolutionary reasons for
primate behavior
Social
Behavior
Group living:
Residential Patterns
• One aspect of social behavior
• Group living is a balance between
competition for resources and the benefits
associated with social behavior
• In general, primates are highly social
• Exceptions = some nocturnal
prosimians and Orangutans
Advantages Disadvantages
● Protection from predators ● Competition for resources
● Locating and protecting
resources
● Opportunity for violence
● Access to mates ● Competition for mates
● Long-term bonds (e.g.
child rearing, learning)
● Increased spread of disease
Constant struggle between competition and cooperation
Group living:
Residential Patterns
• Residential patterns related to reproductive
success
• Evolutionarily, the goal is to have offspring.
• Females
• Limited by access to resources
• Males
• Limited by access to females
Its all about the babies!
Types of
Social
Groups:
Residence
Patterns
(polygynous)
(polyandrous)
All-male
(monogamous)
One-male,
multifemale
• Polygyny
• Most common type of social group
• One male, multiple females, and
their immature offspring
• Sexual dimorphism
• Ensures reproductive rights to
females
• Females select males
• Leave if not suitable
One-male,
multifemale
• Females stay in their natal (birth)
group
• Males leave the group as
juveniles – before reproductive
maturity
• Females = close social network
• Allomothering in some cases
• Males marginalized
One-male, multifemale
• Infanticide common
• The killing of nursing
young
• Foreign male drives
out dominant male
• Females try to protect
young
• Males larger, kill young
• Females resume
ovulation
• New baby belongs to
new male
• Old male’s genetic
contribution reduced
Male
Gorilla
interaction
with infants
One-male, multifemale
Langur
Howler monkey
Gelada baboon?
Gorilla
One-female,
multimale
• Polyandry
• One female, multiple males, and
their immature offspring
• Most rare type of social group
• Female reproduction
consumes more time and
energy
• Need only a few males
• Only NWM – Callitrichidae
One-female,
multimale
• Communal breeding
• Males help with parenting
• These groups raise twins
• Small primates
• Die often due to predators
• More offspring =
reproductive strategy
• Increase reproductive output
Common Marmoset – Babies on Father Emperor tamarin
One-female, multimale
Multimale,
multifemale
• Large troops – OWM, NWM,
Chimpanzees/Bonobos
• Males, females, and their offspring
• Promiscuous mating
• Male competition relatively low
• Sexual dimorphism = Low
• Advantages:
• Protection from predators
• More effective food acquisition
• Lots of genetic variability
Chimpanzee
family
Multimale,
multifemale
• Dominance
relationships (male
and female)
• Determined by:
• Sex
• Age
• Aggression
• Intelligence
• Mother’s position
• Time in group
Macaque
Multimale, multifemale
• Impose a degree of order
• Reduction of violence
• Dominant individuals = greater reproductive success
• Access to food
• Access to females
• Complicated and flexible rather than simple and linear
• “Know your role”
• Learned socially
Multimale,
multifemale
• “Common” chimpanzee (fission-
fusion)
• Temporary all-male groups formed
before joining groups that include M/F
• Commonly exist together with
multimale, multifemale groups
• “Bachelor” groups
• Exist together with one-male,
multifemale groups
• Consist of males who are not
able to obtain females
• May attack one-male groups
and attempt to evict the
resident male from his females
(infanticide)
Baboon
One-male,
one-female
• Monogamy
• Male knows his offspring
• Invests more time in supporting
his own offspring
• Protection/food acquisition
• Less sexual dimorphism than other
types of social systems
• Lower degree of competition
• Uncommon
• Gibbons, Siamangs, Night
monkey, some Marmosets,
some Prosimians
One-male, one-female
• Males and females share
defense of the territory
• Social interactions limited
(small groups)
• Infants will engage in solitary
play unless siblings are
present
• Parents play with the
infants
• Gibbons: aggregate at
territorial borders
• Infants from different
families play
• Best understood as female
reproductive strategy
Pygmy Marmoset:
a monogamous Callitrichidae
One-male, one-female
GibbonSiamang
Gibbons in the
wild
Solitary
• Noyau
• One male range encompasses several female ranges
• Individuals forage separately and socialize for
reproduction
• Less successful males = more solitary
• Orangutans, some prosimians
• Marked sexual dimorphism
• Large territory = increased male reproductive
success
Solitary
Orangutan
Many Nocturnal prosimians
Aye-aye
Mouse lemur
• Males = 2x females
• Large canines
• Large cheek pads
• Very loud calls
Watch from 5:30 until 10:00
Factors influencing the type of
residence pattern
• Food distribution
• Type of food
• Seasonality
Fruit
Leaves
Insects
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.saburchill.com/album/peru/images/110905012 &imgrefurl=http://www.saburchill.com/album/peru/013.html&h=886&w=640&sz=152&hl=en&start=11&tbnid=dQi3cp2OfzsjzM:&tbnh=146&tbnw=105&prev=/images?q=ant+on+tree&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=
Factors influencing the type
of residence pattern
• Food is abundant = large groups
• Multimale-multifemale
• One male-multifemale
• Leaves
• Fruits
• Food in small clumps = small groups
• Monogamous pairs
• One female-two males
• Food is very limited = individuals
• Solitary
• Insects
Factors influencing the
type of residence pattern
• Predation
• If predation = high
• And body size = small
• Large group may help fend off
predators
• Large bodied primates are not
preyed on as often
• Nocturnal species not preyed
on as often
• Solitary tend to be
large/nocturnal
• What residential pattern
do humans have?
Social change in baboons
Jane Goodall
Dian Fossey
Birute Galdikas
Social Behavior
Group Living: Residential Patterns
Group living: Residential Patterns
So …
One-male, multifemale
One-male, multifemale
One-male, multifemale
One-male, multifemale
One-female, multimale
One-female, multimale
One-female, multimale
Multimale, multifemale
Multimale, multifemale
Multimale, multifemale
Multimale, multifemale
All-male
One-male, one-female
One-male, one-female
One-male, one-female
Solitary
Solitary
Factors influencing the type of residence pattern
Humans
Primate Taxonomy 1
Anthropology 2200
Examine primate classification
Pygmy Marmosets
2
SIZE DIVERSITY IN PRIMATES
Mouse lemur (Microcebus berthae)
3.6 inches, 1.1 oz
Adult Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla)
440 lb
Madame Berthe’s mouse lemur (Microcebus berthae) or Berthe’s mouse lemur is the smallest of the mouse lemurs and the smallest primate in the world; the average body length is 92 millimetres (3.6 in) and seasonal weight is around 30 g (1.1 oz).[3] , to adult male gorilla 200kg, and you are one too
Live on 6 of 7 continents, non-human primates found on 5 of 7
Huge range of lifestyles, huge range of habitats, foods, etc…
4
loris
gibbon
aye aye
gorilla
chimpanzee
tarsier
capuchin
orangutan
spider monkey
baboon
ring tailed
lemur
Japanese
macaque
bonobo
howler
monkey
mouse
lemur
5
Primates
What is a Primate?
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Primates
Suborders:
Strepsirhines (Lemur, Loris, Galago)
Infraorder: Lemuriformes
Haplorhines (Tarsiers, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans)
Infraorders:
Tarsiiformes
Anthropoidea (Parvorders = Platyrrhini and Catarrhini)
Slender Loris
6
Taxonomy
Cladistic Taxonomy:
Haplorhini/Strepsirrhini
Nomenclature preferred by many
Places Tarsiers in with Haplorhines
Many believe this system is more evolutionarily accurate!
Tarsiers
Strepsirhines vs. Haplorhines
Strepsirhines: lemurs, lorises, galagos
Haplorhines: everything else (tarsiers, New World Monkeys, Old World Monkeys, Apes, humans)
They split around 55-80 million years ago
1. Split occurs around 50-60mya, genetic data from molecular clock puts split at 58-71mya
2. In general, strep possess more primitive traits, that is traits they share with the LCA of all primates, still well adapted, just do not have a whole suite of novel/derived features
9
Slender Loris
Galago/Bush Baby
Ring Tailed Lemur
Strepsirhines
10
Ring-tailed lemur
Strepsirhines
Found in Africa and Asia (13% of Primates)
Retain many primitive characteristics
This does not mean that they are the ancestors of monkeys!!!
12
High rates of nocturnality
Primitive Trait
Tapetum lucidum
Layer behind the retina
Reflects visible light back through the retina
Improves vision in low light conditions
Sportive Lemur
Retina
13
Post Orbital Bar: No Closure
Primitive Trait
Partially stereoscopic vision (primitive)
Lack color vision (primitive)
14
Reliance on Olfaction
Communication for nocturnal animals
Ancestral trait
Scent glands
Marking
Messages
Large olfactory bulb
Part of brain for scent
Rhinarium moist nose
readily picks up scents
Mouse Lemur
Ring Tail Lemur
15
Grooming claw
Primitive Trait
Lemurs, Galagos, Lorises: 2nd Toe (Aye-Aye = 2-5)
Purpose:
Grooming
Extracting insects
Ruffled Lemur
Galago
16
Tooth comb
Derived Trait
Used for:
Grooming
Extracting resin from trees
Ring Tailed Lemur
Lemuroidea : Lemurs
Only found on the island of Madagascar
Only non-human primate found there
Lots of diversity
20 mya split from Africa
Adaptive radiation
Represent 21% of primate genera worldwide
18
Lemuroidea : Lemurs
Ring-tailed lemur
More terrestrial
Black and white ringed tail
Omnivorous
Diurnal
Forest and spiny scrub
Highly social
Female dominant
Common in Lemurs
Sent marking
Stink Fighting
19
Lemuroidea : Lemurs
Mouse lemur
Smallest primate
< 1 lb.
Eat insects, small vertebrates, gum, fruit, flowers, nectar, leaves
Nocturnal
20
Grey mouse lemur
Additional Traits
Tend to have more specialized diets and behaviors than anthropoids (derived)
Often fill very specific niches
Lemurs on Madagascar
Vertical clinging and leaping
Often solitary
Sifaka Clinging
22
Sifaka
Lemuroidea : Aye-aye
Aye-aye
Nocturnal
Mainly insectivorous
Thin middle finger to forage for grubs
Taps to find grubs
Gnaws bark
Uses finger to pull out grubs
Solitary
24
Aye-aye
Lorisoidea: Lorises
Lorises
Tropical Africa and Southeast Asia
Nocturnal
Slow-moving, deliberate stalkers of small prey
26
Lorisoidea: Lorises
Slow loris
Toxic bite
Lick gland on their arm
Secretion activates with saliva (adult/baby)
Communicate by sent marking
Eat small animals, fruit, gum, vegetation
Hunted for exotic pet trade
27
The Bite of a Slow Loris
How poisonous is the slow loris?
Allergen similar to Felid 1
Cat allergen in dander
Anaphylactic shock
Red blood cells in urine
Depends how allergic you are!
28
Lorisoidea: Galagos
“Bush-babies” – Subfamily of Lorises
Sub-Saharan Africa
Nocturnal
Vertical clingers and leapers
Insectivorous
29
Lorisoidea: Galagos
Can turn its head over 180 degrees
Index finger more widely spaced
Feeding
Gripping branches
Nocturnal
Large Eyes
Large Ears
-Larger eyes and ears reflect nocturnal adaptations
30
Haplorhini
31
Tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans
Differ from Strepsirhines in a variety of ways
Larger body
Larger brain-to-body size ratio
More sexually dimorphic
Less specialized dentition (fewer premolars)
Greater reliance on vision than on smell
Post-orbital closure
Diurnal rather than nocturnal
Tarsiers vs. all other Haplorhines
Tarsiers are taxonomically problematic
Prosimian/anthropoid
Strepsirhine/haplorhine
They possess a mixture of primitive and derived traits
Divergence time of ca. 50-70 Million years ago?
1. Split occurs around 50-60mya, genetic data from molecular clock puts split at 58-71mya
2. In general, strep possess more primitive traits, that is traits they share with the LCA of all primates, still well adapted, just do not have a whole suite of novel/derived features
32
Infraorder: Tarsiiformes (Tarsiers)
Tarsiers
Southeast Asia
Nocturnal
eye larger than brain
Vertical clingers and leapers
Grooming claw: 2nd and 3rd Toes
Highly carnivorous
Lizards, frogs, insects
33
Tarsiiformes: Tarsiers
Name refers to two elongated tarsals – extra leverage for leaping
34
Tarsiers
,
Modes of
Speciation, and
phylogenetics
Anthropology 2200
• Biological species
concept
• Ecological species
concept
• Morphological species
concept
Biological Species
Concept
• “Groups of actually or potentially
interbr
ee
ding natural populations, which
are reproductively isolated from other such
groups” – Ernst Mayr (1942)
• Complications
• So what do we mean by “reproductively
isolated”?
Lion
Tiger
Liger or Tigon
Reproductive
Isolating
Mechanisms
Any factor that prevents a male and female of two different “species” from
hybridizing
Reproductive isolation causes “species” to be recognized as distinct biological
species
• Example: Lions and tigers do not naturally mate with one another at present, but their territories
overlapped in the past
• Are they separate species today? In the past?
So, what exactly
do we mean by
Reproductive
Isolating
Mechanisms?
Pre-Mating
RIMs
Post-Mating
RIMs
1. Habitat Isolation 1. Sperm-egg
incompatibility
2. Temporal Isolation 2. Zygote inviability
3. Behavioral Isolation 3. Embryonic inviability
4. Mechanical
Incompatibility
4. Offspring inviability
5. Offspring sterility
Reproductive Isolating
Mechanisms
• Natural selection favors pre-mating
reproductive isolating mechanisms
• Hybrid mating in most cases would be
a wasted reproductive effort (due to
inviability or sterility) and natural
selection promotes mechanisms to
prevent such matings.
• Not mating uses less energy than
mating, wasting reproductive
resources (eggs/sperm), and producing
Non-viable offspring
• Defines species based on the
uniqueness of their ecological niche
• Formation of discrete species
because of adaptation to
exploit the resources in nature
• Based on the competitive
exclusion principle
• Two species competing for
the same resources can not
both survive
“Classic” way of defining species
Linnaeus
Descriptive rather than theoretical concept
Defines species based on shared phenotypic characteristics
If one group of organisms consistently differs from other
organisms, it will be defined as a separate species
Ring Species – defined as separate
based on Morphology .
Species Concepts
• Biological, environmental, and
morphological species concepts will
generally recognize many of the same
“species”, although not always.
How do we study extinct species?
Paleospecies
• Species defined using fossil evidence
• What concept of species do you think applies
best to fossils?
Morphological?
Biological?
How do we study extinct species?
Paleospecies
• Use morphological species concept to infer biological species
concept
gene exchange species similarity
CAUSE CAUSE
gene exchange species similarity
INFERENCE INFERENCE
Paleospecies:
Problems
• Allometry Study of the
change in proportion of
various parts of an organism
as a consequence of growth
• Allometry: Humans
Paleospecies: Problems
• Allometry: Orangutans
Growth comparison
H
um
an
Ch
im
pa
nz
ee
Paleospecies: Problems • Sexual dimorphism
• Pronounced
morphological
differences between
Males and Females
• Must differentiate
between Sex.
Dimorphism and
morphological
differences between
species in the fossil
record
Gorilla – Male Gorilla – Female
Paleospecies: Problems
• Sexual dimorphism:
Mandrills
Paleospecies:
Problems
• Variation
• Intraspecific (within species)
• Interspecific (between species)
• Pathological conditions
• At what point do we define a new
species?
• Lumpers vs. splitters
How Are
Species
Formed?
• Two general modes of evolutionary change
• Anagenesis
• Evolution of a trait or a species into another over a
period of time
– Cladogenesis
• Evolution through the branching of a species or a
lineage (ancestor species may/may not = new array)
• Speciation = radiations that occur
through cladogenesis
• Results in one species diverging into
multiple species
• Ancestor species may or may not
persist over the long term
What is
Speciation?
• 4 geographic modes of
speciation
• Allopatric
• Peripatric
• Parapatric
• Sympatric
Allopatric
Speciation
• Speciation occurring via geographic isolation
• Common in nature
• Geographic barriers = mountains, rivers, etc.
• Divergence = drift, dif. Mutations, dif. Selective pressures
• Geographical features divide groups over time
• Ex. Grand Canyon Squirrels
• Albert Squirrel
• South rim
• White bellies
• Dark tails
• Kaibab squirrel
• north rim
• black bellies
• White Tails
• Warming after last Ice age =
isolated high elevation Ponderosa
Pine forests
• Allopatric speciation occurred
Has been different species,
now subspecies!
Subform of Allopatric
Speciation
Subpopulations can
migrate to a new location
outside the range of the
original population
e.g., a few individuals
colonize an island away
from the mainland
populations
Population at the edge of
the main range of a
species = peripheral
isolate
Related to Founder’s
effect
• Speciation occurring when two populations are
geographically contiguous
• “Stepped cline” pattern of geographic variation
• Caused by abrupt environmental changes
• Species A adapted to one side of boundary,
species B adapted to the other side
• Hybrid Zone in the middle
• Conditions for parapatric speciation are particularly
great if the hybrid zone is a tension zone (exists
when the hybrids between the forms on either side
of the boundary are selectively disadvantageous)
Sympatric
Speciation
• Speciation occurring in the
same geographic location
• Polymorphism in the
population does not
depend on space (in
contrast to the stepped
cline of parapatric
speciation)
• Ex. Speciation of Cichlids of Lakes
Nabugabo, Victoria, Tanganyika, in East
Africa
• Rapidly evolved (1 million years)
• Over 500 very different species
• Thought to be due to sexual selection
Speciation
Comparison
• Adaptive radiation
– The diversification of an ancestral
group of organisms into new forms
that are adapted to specific
ecological niches
– Ex:
• The radiation of mammals
following the extinction of the
dinosaurs
• Darwin’s finches
Phylogenetics
and Cladistics
• Phylogeny
– The study of the
branching relationships
of populations as they
give rise to multiple
descendant populations
over evolutionary time
– Aimed at reconstructing
evolutionary histories
What is
Phylogenetics?
– Practice of creating “phylogenetic trees”
– Shows the pattern of evolutionary relationships
among species
– Can be created using living or fossil species
• This is a HYPOTHESIS!
How do we develop
phylogenies?
• Rests on our observations of traits
displayed by organisms
• Traits:
• Any observable characteristics of
an organism
• Anatomical features
• Developmental or
embryological processes
• Behavioral patterns
• Genetic sequences
How do we read a
phylogenetic tree?
• Traits are used to determine the relationship
between species
• Taxon
Group of related organisms that share one
common ancestor
• Node
Point where tree splits
• Outgroup
Taxon that is related to the groups of interest
but that branched off earlier in evolutionary
history
• Root
Base of tree
Common lineage from which all species in the
tree are derived
What is
Cladistics?
• A phylogenetic method that uses
shared derived traits to create
ancestor-descendant trees
– Shared derived traits
(synapomorphies)
• Trait that is shared by two
or more taxa and their
most recent common
ancestor
• Species of organisms are grouped
into clades
• Clade: group that consists of
an ancestor organism and all
its descendants
How Do We
Determine Clades?
• To determine clades we need to
determine which traits are shared
derived traits (synapomorphies)
• Shared derived trait (synapomorphy)
– Homologous trait that is shared
by two or more taxa and their
most recent common ancestor
but not ancestors that
existed prior to this
• Homoplasy (analogous trait)
– Same trait
– Trait not present in a
common ancestor
How Do We
Determine
Synapomorphies?
• Try to determine whether a trait is homologous
or analogous
– Homologous Trait
• In two or more species
• Inherited from a common ancestor
– Analogous Trait
• In two or more species
• Evolution independently fashioned
similar traits in each species
• Not from a common ancestor
• Homologous traits are then used to determine
clades
Homology
Analogy
Divergent
vs.
Convergent
Evolution
Issues for
reconstructing
phylogenetics of
past species
What features are variation within a
species? What features distinct to
species?
How do you know a trait is
homologous?
Are sample sizes large enough?
Primate classification
What is a Species?
Definition of a Species
Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms
Ecological Species Concept
Morphological Species Concept
Species Concepts
How do we study extinct species? �Paleospecies
Paleospecies: Problems
Paleospecies: Problems
Paleospecies: Problems
Paleospecies: Problems
Paleospecies: Problems
Paleospecies: Problems
Evolution does not need to be gradual
What is Speciation?
What is Speciation?
Allopatric Speciation
Allopatric Speciation
Peripatric Speciation
Parapatric Speciation
Sympatric Speciation
Sympatric Speciation
Speciation Events
Phylogeny
Divergent vs. Convergent Evolution
Divergent vs. Convergent Evolution
Primate Taxonomy 2
Anthropology 2200
Infraorder: Anthropoidea
2
Infraorder: Anthropoidea
Two Parvorders
Platyrrhini
“Broad-nosed
Catarrhini
“Hook-nosed”
2:1:3:3/2
2:1:2:3
3
Anthropoids: Platyrrhini
Central/South American Monkeys
Latin and South America
4
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea
Central/South American monkeys
Arboreal quadrupeds
Suspensory locomotion
Many = Prehensile tail
Not in African/Asian Monkeys
Diverse diet
Leaves, fruit, insects
Spider Monkey
5
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea
Two Families
Atelidae
Howler, Owl, Spider, Titi, and Woolly monkeys, Uakaris, and Sakis
Cebidae
Marmosets, Tamarins, Capuchins, Squirrel Monkeys
6
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Cebidae
Marmosets/Tamarins
Retain claws instead of nails
Smallest Platyrrhini
Twin (Chimerism)
Insectivores
Unusual dental formula
2:1:3:2
Golden Lion Tamarin
Silvery Marmoset
Emperor tamarin
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Cebidae
Capuchin monkeys
Name from Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
Often in Movies!
White Fronted Capuchin
9
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Atelidae
Includes subfamilies:
Aotidae
Pitheciidae
Atelidae
Alouattinae
10
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Atelidae
Owl/Night Monkey
Only truly nocturnal monkey
Vocal calls/Sent Marking
Susceptible to human forms of Malaria
Used for malaria research
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Atelidae
Pitheciidae
Titis
Sakis
Uakaris
White Faced Saki
Uakari
Titi Monkeys (morning calls)
Uakari
Saki
12
Bald uakari monkey
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Atelidae
Spider monkeys
Wooly monkeys
Only monkeys with prehensile tails (aside from Howler)
Spider Monkey
Wooly Monkey
14
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Atelidae
Howler monkey
Prehensile tail
Make loud vocalizations
Howler monkey
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Cebidae
Howler monkey
Male hyoid enlarged
resonating chamber
Loudest land animals
Protect territory, resources, females
17
Anthropoids: Catarrhini
Asian and African monkeys
Apes
Humans
Different than book (chart of p. 168-169)
18
Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae
African and Asian Monkeys
Colobinae
Cercopithecinae
19
Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae
African and Asian monkeys
Diverse range of habitats
Some are arboreal while others are terrestrial
No prehensile tail
High level of sexual dimorphism (canines, body)
20
Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae
Ischial Callosities
Sitting Pad
Thickened calluses on Backside
Only in Af/As monkeys
Help monkeys to sleep on thin branches away from predators
Ischial Callosity
21
Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae
Visual Estrus
Hormonally influenced period of sexual receptivity in females
Skin around genitals becomes inflated/red
Advertises fertility and receptivity
22
Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae: Colobinae
Includes:
Langurs
Colobus Monkeys
Proboscis Monkeys
Mostly folivorous
Sacculated stomachs
Bilophodont teeth
Langur
Black and White Colobus Monkey
Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae: Colobinae
Proboscis monkey
Large nose may be due to sexual selection!
Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae: Cercopithecinae
Includes:
Baboons
Macaques
Vervet Monkeys
Frugivores (fruit-eaters)
Low, rounded molar cusps
Cheek pouches
Vervet
Baboon
25
Baboons
Anthropoids: Catarrhini: Hominoidea
Lesser apes
Great apes
Humans
27
Catarrhines: Hominoidea
Bonobo
Gibbon
Orangutan
Gorilla
Chimpanzee
Anthropoids: Hominoidea
Differ from monkeys in various ways:
Absence of an external tail
Larger brains
Extended period of infant development and dependency
Y-5 lower molar pattern
Canine-premolar honing complex
29
Anthropoids: Catarrhini: Hominoidea
Two Families:
Hylobatidae
Gibbons, Siamangs
Hominidae
Orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, humans
30
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hylobatidae
Lesser apes
Southeast Asia
Tropical and subtropical forests
Frugivores
Highly territorial
Siren songs
Arboreal
Brachiation
31
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hylobatidae
Siamang
Sexual dichromatism
32
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae
Great apes and Humans
Orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos (pygmy chimpanzees) = Great Apes
More terrestrial
Various forms of locomotion
Dietary diversity
Great Apes are Knuckle walkers – aside from Orangutans
33
Anthropoids: Hominoidea
Three Subfamilies:
Ponginae (Orangutans)
Gorillinae (Gorillas)
Homininae (Humans, Chimps, Bonobos)
Homininae has two Tribes:
Panini (Chimps, Bonobos)
Hominini (Humans)
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Ponginae
Orangutan
Borneo and Sumatra
Sexually dimorphic
Males weigh up to 200 lbs.
Twice the size and weight of adult females
Arboreal
Slow climbers
Frugivores
Solitary lives
35
Orangutan
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Ponginae
36
Orangutan
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Gorillinae
Gorilla
Equatorial Africa
Largest living primate
Males weigh up to 400 lbs.
Sexually dimorphic
Knuckle-walkers
Folivorous
Highly cohesive groups
38
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Gorillinae
Gorilla
Female
Male
Sexual dimorphism
39
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Gorillinae
Gorilla
differences in size and shape based on sex
Sexual dimorphism
40
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Gorillinae
Gorilla
Exclusively vegetarian diet
Large canines are to fend off other males
Shy and gentle
Only violent when threatened or in competition for females
1 male multi-female
41
Gorilla
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Homininae: Panini
Chimpanzee
Equatorial Africa
Various modes of locomotion
Less sexually dimorphic than orangutans and gorillas
Omnivores
Complex social behaviors
Highly territorial
Genetically closer to humans than to gorillas
43
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Homininae: Panini
Chimpanzee
44
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Homininae: Panini
Bonobo
Congo (Central Africa)
Smaller than the “common” chimpanzee
Longer legs and differently shaped chest
More arboreal
Lowland rain forest habitat
Less excitable/aggressive
Unique sexuality
45
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Homininae: Panini
Bonobo
46
Bonobos
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Homininae: Hominini
Habitual bipeds
Omnivores
Spoken language
Large, complex brains
48
Anthropology 2200
• The study of the behavior, ecology,
anatomy, and evolution of non-human
primates
Primatology and
Anthropology?
• Why study primates in an anthropology class?
• Cross-species perspective
• Evolutionary implications
• Evolutionary modeling
• Insight into human behavior, morphology,
culture
• Morphology and behavior of extant primates can help us
understand:
• Relationship between morphology and behavior
• Use this to infer behavior in the fossil record
• Better understand human evolution
• Bipedalism
– Orangutan Brachiation
• Can also help us understand additional aspects of
human behavior
• Elevator avoidance
• Alcoholism
• Stress
• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Primates
• Almost all non-human
primates live in the tropics of
South or Central America,
Asia, or Africa
• Four prominent evolutionary tendencies
• Arboreal adaptation
• Behaviors
• Anatomical Characteristics
•
• Eat a wide variety of foods
• Larger brains
• More complex behaviors
• Parental investment
• Fewer offspring
• More time invested
Arboreal
Adaptations
• A generalized body structure
• Bones of shoulders, limbs,
hands, feet are separate
• Clavicle
• Keeps upper limbs at
sides of body
• Flexibility/highly mobile joints
• Equal length of front and hind
limbs
• Long tail
• prehensile in some
primates
Arboreal
Adaptations
• Generalized skeletal structure Hand
• Opposable thumb
• Thumb 4 fingers
• Grasping
• Precision grip
• Fine manipulation
• Power grip
• Fist-like grip around object
Arboreal Adaptations
Arboreal
Adaptations
• Generalized skeletal
structure Foot
• Many = opposable
big toe (hallux)
• Grasping
• Humans
• Terrestrial
• Bipedal
Arboreal
Adaptations
• Generalized skeletal
structure Vertebral
column
• 4 types of vertebrae
• Bending
• Twisting
• Humans
• Coccyx = Tail
• S-
Shape
vs. C-
Shape
Arboreal Adaptations
• Enhanced sense of touch
• Dermal ridges
(finger/toe prints)
• Primitive =
Strepsirhines
• Derived = higher
primates = better
grasp
• Nails
• Protection
• Gripping
Arboreal Adaptations
• Enhanced sense of vision
• Stereoscopic vision
• Both eyes see at
the same time
• Depth perception
= locomotion
• Color vision =
insects/prey/fruit
Arboreal
Adaptations
• Post-orbital bar
• Product of eyes
moving
forward!
Arboreal Adaptations
• Forms of locomotion
• Quadrupedalism
• Arboreal
• Typical arboreal quadrupeds
• Suspensory locomotors
• Terrestrial
• Typical terrestrial quadrupeds
• Knuckle walkers
• Bipedalism
Trend towards diurnality
Benefits of
diurnality
Diurnal and
arboreal
• Reduced sense of smell
• Due to enhanced vision
• Smaller and less projecting snouts
• Most higher primates have lost:
• Rhinarium (external wet nose)
• Long snout
• Primitive primates have rhinarium
• Loris/Lemur
• Baboons have large snouts
• Massive canine roots
Dietary Plasticity
• Primates eat a wide range
of foods
• Omnivorous
• Fruit, nuts,
seeds, leaves,
insects, meat
• Some specializations
• Frugivore
• Mainly fruit
• Folivore
• Mainly leaves
• Insectivore
• Mainly insects
Dietary Plasticity • Generalized Heterodont
dentition = wide range of
foods
• Primitive dental
characteristics
• Four functionally
distinctive tooth types
• Incisors
• Canines
• Premolars
• Molars
• 3.1.4.3
• Ancestral dental formula
Heterodont dentition
Incisors:Canines:Premolars:molars
Dental formula
(# of upper) Incisors:Canines:Premolars:Molars
(# of lower) Incisors:Canines:Premolars:Molars
Primate Characteristics
Heterodont dentition
Incisors:Canines:Premolars:molars
Dental formula
(# of upper) Incisors:Canines:Premolars:Molars
(# of lower) Incisors:Canines:Premolars:Molars
Primate Characteristics
Heterodont dentition
Incisors:Canines:Premolars:molars
Dental formula
(# of upper) Incisors:Canines:Premolars:Molars
(# of lower) Incisors:Canines:Premolars:Molars
Primate Characteristics
Heterodont dentition
Incisors:Canines:Premolars:molars
Dental formula
(# of upper) Incisors:Canines:Premolars:Molars
(# of lower) Incisors:Canines:Premolars:Molars
Primate Characteristics
Heterodont dentition
Incisors:Canines:Premolars:molars
Dental formula
(# of upper) Incisors:Canines:Premolars:Molars
(# of lower) Incisors:Canines:Premolars:Molars
Dietary
Plasticity
• General reduction in the number of teeth
• Dental formula = evolutionary relationships
• Mammals 3.1.4.3 (ancestral)
• New World Monkeys 2.1.3.3
• Old World
Monkeys 2.1.2.3
• Great Apes 2.1.2.3
Exceptions to Dietary
Plasticity
• Specialized adaptations
• Canine-premolar honing complex
• Tooth comb
• Lemurs
• Bilophodont vs. Y-5
• Old World
Brain Size and
Complexity in Primates
Big Brain and behavior
flexibility
• Greater investment in young
• Longer gestation period
• Reduced number of offspring
• Time, energy, and intensive
care
• Extended length of each stage of
the life cycle
• Social groups
• Learned behaviors
Extended
care of
infants
These are all
traits that
unite primates
But primates
are also
incredibly
diverse
For example….
Taxonomy
What unites the primates?
Tropical distribution
Order: Primates
Arboreal Adaptations
Arboreal Adaptations
Arboreal Adaptations
Arboreal Adaptations
Arboreal Adaptations
Arboreal Adaptations
Arboreal Adaptations
Grasping hands and feet
Prehensile tails
Arboreal Adaptations
Arboreal Adaptations
Arboreal Adaptations
Dietary Plasticity
Dietary Plasticity
Primate Characteristics
Primate Characteristics
Primate Characteristics
Primate Characteristics
Primate Characteristics
Dietary Plasticity
Larger and more complex brains
Parental Investment