United States History Survey
Winter Quarter, 2022
This is a 200 point test; I will divide your score by two to convert your grade to the 100 point scale
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SECTION ONE: IDENTIFICATIONS.
Choose three out of the following five for 20 points each, 60 points total.
1. The differing attitudes of Lord Durham and his son-in-law Lord Elgin toward French speaking Canadians.
2. The New Netherlands Blind Spots in Making Moral Judgements
3. The real reason th59.e British conquered French Canada in 17
4. What happened to Yankeedom’s utopianism as its people became less religious as time went on.
5. Why the Left Coast regional nation could not be said to have a dominant founding or sponsoring region from among the older communities of the United States.
SECTION TWO: PLAUSIBLE STATEMENTS HEFFNER.
Choose three out of the following five for 10 points each, 30 points total. Identify the document, name the person or organization that generated the document, and then justify your choice.
1. England cannot be considered a good mother country, as she treats her North American colonies out of concern for her self-interest and not out of love for them.
2. I have two legacies I want to leave with you, my warning against political parties and my desire that you form trading rather than diplomatic alliances with other countries.
3. My newspaper is meant only to end slavery. I have not given any thought to what might happen to those who have been enslaved once they are free. It is not my responsibility anyway.
4. Just because the North has apparently preserved the Union by winning the war, thereby brining about the end of enslavement, does not mean that the North is guiltless in the national sin that brought the war on in the first place.
5. Our reform movement is no doubt unpopular with many Americans and seems very radical to them. We will take care of that problem by linking our request to that much loved document, the Declaration of Independence.
SECTION THREE: PLAUSIBLE STATEMENTS CANADA.
Choose three out of the following five for 10 points each, 30 points total. Identify the document, name the person or organization that generated the document, and then justify your choice.
1. I had some profound thoughts about humanity being one as I listened to a Christmas broadcast from a radio station of the same country that was bombing the neighborhood where I was staying at that very moment.
2. A Governor General needs to a healer and a reconciler in order to represent the Crown in Canada. So, I am not going to use my position as the Queen’s representative to seek revenge on those who oppressed my immigrant ancestors when they first arrived here
3. Canada has an industrialized nations’ tendency to use far too much of the world’s resources and look at what consequences this has for the rain forest several thousand miles from our country.
4. I believe that all Canadians should have a say in the future of Quebec, it is not just an issue between the people of English and French ancestry.
5. The best way to assert a French-Canadian right to political equality with English speakers is to take part in the political process, even though it is biased against us.
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ESSAYS
Pick two out of the following four for 40 points each, 80 points total.
1. Do you think Bothwell would agree with Woodard’s description of the regional nations of Canada? Explain your position.
2. Explain why Yanekeedom nearly left the Union, but stopped short of doing so at the Hartford Convention
3. How can both Canada and the United States plausibly claim to have won the War of 1812>
4. Explain how English policies toward the people of New Netherland and New France were similar after the English conquered each of these colonies from other European powers.
SYNOPSIS OF PRIMARY SOURCE DOCUMENTS FROM CANADIAN HISTORY.
CATEGORY NUMBER ONE: DEFINING CANADIAN AND WHO SPECIFICALLY, IS CANADIAN.
1. Louis Hippolyte Lafontaine, “Address to the Electors of Terrebonne,” 1840. Reacting to the anti-French recommendations of the Anglo-centric Lord Durham, Lafontaine argues that all people born in Canada should identify as Canadians, make Canada their home, and begin building a new nation without the divisions of old Europe. Says that while Durham has constructed a new constitution that is unfair to the French speakers, the best way for them to transform this system is to take part in it and thereby reveal their qualifications for public service.
2. Thomas D’Arcy McGee, two addresses: “A Northern Nation,” 1860 and “A Canadian Nationality,” 1863—argues that the various peoples of Canada should overlook nationalistic and religious differences. McGee follows the tradition of Lafontaine but is more focused on overcoming religious than linguistic differences. He also sees an opportunity to remake Britain in Canada without the class divides of Old Britain. Also uses the expression “a northern nation” as code for not the United States.
3. Wilfred Laurier, “The Canadian Century,” 1904. He says that Canada will overtake the power in North America of the United States, which had dominated the continent during the nineteenth century. This new power will arise from Canada’s role as a bridge of trade between Europe and Asia. An early indication of a vision for Canada of communities communicating with one another.
4. Denise Strong, “On Canadian Identity,” 1995—Points out the Canadian identity of Chinese immigrants to Canada, people who will want their say in the future of the country and particularly the fate of Quebec within Canada. She talks about the prejudice her family had overcome during the movement to exclude Asian immigrants from Canada, late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
CATEGORY NUMBER TWO: WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN CANADA.
1. Agnes MacPhail, Speeches on Women’s Rights, two in 1925 and one in 1930. Talks about the necessity to allow Canadian women to work outside the home, urges equality of husband of wife within the family circle, and talks about women taking their rightful place within the tradition of British common law that Canada as imported.
2. Adrienne Clarkson, “Installation Speech as Governor General of Canada,” 1999.57. As she takes office as the first Chinese Canadian representative of the Crown in Canada, she discusses the need for Canadians to forgive the oppression of the past and go forward in a spirit of reconciliation with one another.
CATEGORY NUMBER THREE: CANADIAN INTERNATIONALISM AND COMMUNITARIANISM.
1. Lester Pearson, Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech, 1957.—-The demands of the nuclear age make global cooperation imperative, and Canada can be a leader in this regard.
2. David Sukuki, “Environmental Challenges,” 1988: An early warning speech about climate change. Suzuki urges Canadians to face their overconsumption of the world’s resources and deal with the global implications of their industrial system.
3. Maurice Strong, “We are a Species out of Control,” 1992.—–extends this environmentalism to call upon Canadians to help save the Amazon rain forest of South America. What is done in Canada has implications that far beyond its borders.
4. Nelson Mandela, Acceptance of Honorary Canadian Citizenship, 1998. He accepts on the basis that Canada assisted, through word and example, the movement to end apartheid in South Africa.
OUTLINE OF RUSSELL SHORTO, THE ISLAND AT THE CENTER OF THE WORLD.
Prologue, “The Missing Floor,” pp. 1-10.
p. 1, introduction of Dr. Charles Gehring of the New York State Library in Albany; pp. 1-3, summary of the story told by the records in Gehring’s custody, a story around which Shorto plans to build his book; p. 3, Shorto’s reaction against the legend that New York City is an American anomaly, for he in fact sees it as the birthplace of America; pp. 3-4, negative influence of Washington Irving’s fiction, various popular legends, and Anglo-centric views of colonial America on a true understanding of New Netherland; p. 4, Peter Christoph’s discovery of a vast collection of unprocessed records in the State Library, Nelson Rockefeller’s role in getting funding with which to process them, and the hiring of Gehring for that task in 1973; pp. 5-6, summary of previous attempts to study this material and Shorto’s declaration, quoting Bertrand Russell, that the importance of the seventeenth century Netherlands as the one place where there was freedom of speculation; pp. 6-7, Shorto’s own personal discovery of these sources and his interviews with Gehring led him to think of telling the story of the first Dutch Manhattanites; pp. 7-8, the two levels of story, that of the colony itself and that of its long term influence; pp. 8-9, introduction of the conflict between Peter Stuyvesant and Adrien Van der Donck; p. 9, Hudson as a bridge between this story and the Renaissance; p. 9-10, rediscovering the wilderness heritage of NYC: p. 10, composition of place, 1609.
PART ONE, “A CERTAIN ISLAND CALLED MANATHANS”
Chapter One, “The Measure of Things,” pp. 13-24.
pp. 13-15, Henry Hudson’s walk through the City of London on his way to an appointment with the Muscovy Company at Muscovy House, late summer, 1608; pp. 15-16, description of the Company; p. 15, John Dee, a Cambridge University student, spends the summer of 1608 at the University of Louvain, where he studies with Gemma Frisius and Gerhard “Mercator” Kremer; pp. 16-17, Mercator’s map of a possible Northwest Passage across the Arctic; pp. 17-18, foundation of the Muscovy Company in 1555 with its goal of finding markets for English wool in Russia and of seeking a northern route to Asia that would bypass the Portuguese-Spanish domination of Southern Hemisphere routes; p. 18, the trade exchanged to the wool for Russian furs, hemp and sperm oil; p. 18, decline of the Russian trade by the first decade of the seventeenth century led to a revival of the search for the Asian passage; pp. 18-20, summary of the little that is known of Henry Hudson’s career prior to 1608, with special emphasis on his influence by Richard Hakluyt, principal publicist for England’s role in the Age of Exploration; pp. 20-21, Hudson’s failed attempt to sail directly over the North Pole in 1607, which revealed the way was blocked by polar ice but which also opened up the Spitsbergen whale trade; pp. 21-22,, his 1608 voyage, which attempted unsuccessfully to find a passage to Asia via Russia, but which also saw a near-mutiny by his crew when Hudson proposed that they now sail westward across the Atlantic immediately; p. 22, Hudson’s hope that the failure of the first two searches made it very probable that a third voyage, to the passage around North America, would finally reveal a workable route; pp. 22-23, correspondence with John Smith further convinces Hudson of this; pp. 23-24, however, in September, 1608, the Muscovy Company decides NOT to finance a third Hudson voyage; p. 24, Hudson is quickly recruited by Dutch consul in London, Emanuel Van Meteren, and travels to Amsterdam later that same month.
Chapter Two, “The Pollinator,” pp. 25-36.
pp. 25-28, profile of the Netherlands and the city of Amsterdam in the early seventeenth century, with emphasis on a cultural sensitivity that included a frank acceptance of differences and a belief that individual achievement matters more than birthright, two qualities that would be transmitted into the American character through the Dutch colony of New Netherlands; p. 29-30, with Hudson’s arrival in Amsterdam coinciding with general peace negotiations in the Hague, European powers compete for Hudson’s services, especially the French and the English (who now want him back), but Hudson feels comfortable with the Dutch and may even have spent an earlier portion of his life in their country;
p. 30, desire to break the domination of the VOC, which had a monopoly over the southern route only; pp. 30-31, when the Half Moon sails in the spring of 1609, Hudson disregards instructions to look northeast and after a short time along the Norwegian coast tacks west across the Atlantic; p. 31, his decision to seek a route through North America rather than a route around it; pp. 31-32, discovery of what is now New York Harbor, and interactions with the native peoples there; pp. 32-33, attempt to see if the Hudson River might be the Northwest Passage; p. 33, mysterious stop in Dartmouth, England, on the way home, where Hudson is detained by the authorities; p. 33, Hudson manages to pass his log to Van Meteren, who sends it along with a report to Amsterdam; pp. 33-34, publication of the Van Meteren report, a maneuver designed to advertise to the world the Dutch owning of the Hudson discoveries on the Half Moon voyage, convinces many Dutch merchants that the beaver trade, now trapped out in Russia, can be revived through operations in what is now Canada; pp. 34-35, Hudson’s last voyage, this time for England, into the Hudson’s Bay and his death; pp. 35-36, ironic fate of his killers at the hands of King James; p. 36, Hudson’s ultimate influence as a pollinator; p. 36, Vogels and Lambertsz decide to trade in the new territory discovered during the Half Moon voyage.
Chapter Three, “The Island,” pp. 37-66.
pp. 37-38, description of settler voyages and further Dutch penetration of the Hudson River basin and valley; pp. 38-39, 1621 renewal of war between the Netherlands and Spain provokes the formation of the Dutch WEST India Company, designed to be a force for both war and trade; pp. 39-40, vision of New Netherland as a source of fur and timber, as well as a connector between Dutch outposts in the Caribbean and South America and the homeland; p. 40, refugees from all over Europe, especially French speaking Walloons,crowded as usual into the Netherlands, are obvious recruits for settlement in the New World and are offered land in exchange for their services to the Company; pp. 40-42, profiles of some of the first voyagers; pp. 42-43, descriptions of the new colony are sent back to Europe and publicized in the pamphlets of Nicolaes van Wassenaer; p. 43, difference between English and Dutch understandings of how to lay claim to a piece of territory, with the English claiming it was enough for an official representative to set foot on a patch of land not previously claimed by Christians and the Dutch claiming that the land must be inhabited and the waterways trafficked; p. 43, Dutch understandings of the Delaware (South), Hudson (North) and Connecticut (Fresh) as the key rivers of their new province; pp. 43-44, economic activities along the rivers and the key settlement at the falls where the Mohawk joins the Hudson; p. 44, discarded plan for a capital city along the South River; pp. 44-45, political changes in Europe lead to a Dutch-English understanding against common enemy Spain, with each partner granted access to the other’s ports; pp. 45-46, expectations of connection with the Pilgrims of Plymouth, who like the Walloons of New Netherland had found asylum in the university town of Leyden; pp. 46-47, at the Fort Orange settlement the Dutch, acting against company instructions, make an alliance with the Mahicans against the Mohawks which leads to war with the Mohawks; p. 47, turmoil at New Amsterdam under the autocratic leadership style of provisional director Willem Verhulst; pp. 48-49, background and emergence of Peter Minuit; p. 49, Minuit becomes head of the colony and moves the settlement of New Amsterdam from Nut Island (Governor’s) to Manhattan; pp. 49-52, the issue of the purchase of Manhattan, and the cultural understandings of that transaction on both sides; pp. 52-53, lack of available records led nineteenth century historians to stress the sale; p. 52, records surveyed by Gehring begin in 1638; p. 53; pp. 53-54, the Van Rappard documents show a well-planned colony, refuting a legend that it was anarchic and ill led until the English came and restored order, also showing that Minuit was a competent, visionary leader; pp. 54-56, descriptions of the letters of Issak de Rasiere and Pieter Schaghen, which make clear payments were made to Indians in equivalent goods not direct cash; pp. 57-58, evidence that the Indians fully intended to continue to use their land, and did; p. 58, Minuit’s order to vacate settlers from the Fort Orange area; pp. 58-60, building up the Manhattan settlement as Indians show them the lay of the land; pp. 61-62, emergence of the settlement as multicultural, trade based and very globalized; p. 63, significance of 1628 Dutch raid on Cuba, which shows Spain is in decline; pp. 63-64, developments in Dutch-held Indonesia and in global science reach Manhattan due to the efficiency of Dutch communication; p. 64, Minuit’s attempt to negotiate with Plymouth; p. 65, an argument over whether to establish a patroon system, a proposal with which Minuit agreed, led to his recall to Amsterdam in 1631; pp. 65-66, Minuit’s mood as he prepared to go home.
Chapter Four, “The King, the Surgeon, the Turk and the Whore,” pp. 67-89
pp. 67-68, personal and policy reasons that the equestrian-minded King Charles I of England disliked the Dutch; pp. 68-69, Charles’ encounter with Dutch ambassador Albert Joachimi at the Newmarket races in March 1632; pp. 69-70, the Dutch Ambassador is trying to counter the mission to Newmarket in 1630, on behalf of Spain, of Peter Paul Rubens, who introduced the art-loving monarch to his pupil Anthony Van Dyck and inspired Charles to make a peace treaty with Spain, a step away from English-Dutch alliance; p. 70., Joachimi refuses Rubens offer and vice versa; p. 70, failure of Joachimi’s own negotiations at Newcastle; pp. 7071, two weeks later, Charles and Joachimi meet again at Whitehall to discuss the English seizure of a Dutch ship with Peter Minuit aboard; p. 71, Charles’ claim that the Dutch territory in the New World belonged at least in part to England; pp. 71-73, English resentment of Dutch mastery of the East Indies trade and of Dutch behavior in the Amboyna incident; p. 73, Shorto’s notation that Amoboyna led the English virtually to cede the East Indies to the Netherlands and focus instead their Asian ambitions on India, and to determine that they would not make a similar concession of North America to the Dutch; p. 73, growing English realization that the part of North America that the Dutch controlled was the linchpin to the continent; pp. 73-74, Charles states his legal case to The Hague in a formal reply, but at this point can only state his interest in the territory because the Netherlands is the stronger power,; and so the ship and Minuit are released; p. 75, Minuit returns to Amsterdam to be enraged by news of the English claim and to learn of his formal dismissal as director of New Netherland; p. 75, Minuit forms an association with William Usselinex; pp. 75-76, emergence of French-Dutch rivalry over the fur trade in the Fort Orange area; pp. 76-81, explorer-surgeon Van Bogaert’s epic trek inn 1635 to negotiate with the Mohawks, which saves the whole colony; pp. 81-83, meanwhile the company mismanages rowdy New Amsterdam; p. 83, piracy and privateering bring the first African slaves to New Amsterdam; pp. 83-85, vice industries and court cases; p. 85, a different culture from the New England colonies; pp. 85-87, Griet Reyniers and Anthony van Salee (whore and pirate) whose antics in the town symbolize for Shorto a Dutch inability to control the place; p. 87, New Englanders begin to infiltrate Connecticut; p. 87, Van Rensselaer’s internal ploy for the colony; pp. 88-89, New Sweden and Minuit’s involvement there; p. 89, precarious position of New Netherland in 1640, dying from within and attacked from without.
PART TWO, “CLASH OF WILLS.”
Chapter Five, “The Lawman,” pp. 93-109.
pp. 93-94, arrival of Adriaen van der Donck at the University of Leiden to study law, September, 1638; pp. 94-95, role of van der Donck’s grandfather and namesake in the relief of Breda from the Spanish; pp. 95-96, political and religious atmosphere of Leiden; pp. 96-97, the rise of a philosophy of tolerance in the city to justify the tolerant conduct already going on; pp. 97-98, the influence of Descartes, an exile resident in Amsterdam and publishing at Leiden, and his call for replacing authority with reason; pp. 98-99, anatomy and botany in Leiden; pp. 99-100, influence of Grotius on van der Donck’s legal studies; p. 100, Cunaeus and his twin theories that a republican form of government is morally superior to a monarchy and that big corporations like the Dutch West India Company enrich a wealthy few to the detriment of both the state and ordinary people; pp. 100-104, debating what to do after graduation, van der Donck eventually goes to Van Rensselaer’s patroon fiefdom north of New Amsterdam, since he did not care for the West India Company itself; p. 104, Van der Donck’s survey of the Bay upon his arrival, and its reminder to him of the inland sea around Amsterdam; pp. 105-106, the West India Company’s decision to open up New Amsterdam as a free trading zone, and the subsequent emergence of a mercantile class; ppp. 106-107, the visible effects of this change that Van der Donck would have seen upon his arrival; pp. 108-109, his arrival at Ransselaerwick.
Chapter Six, “The Council of Blood,” pp 110-128.
pp. 110-112, the 1641 murder of Claes Swits as a possible revenge killing for the massacre of Wickquasgeck Indians in 1626, an event which only Swits’ assailant had survived; pp. 112, director of the colony William Kieft reacts to the murder with something approaching exhilaration; pp. 112-113, background of Kieft; pp. 113-114, slowness of Dutch West India Company officials to understand that New Netherland differed from other Dutch possessions in being more than just a trading post, and their failure to understand that it needed a government suited to a settler colony; pp 114, Kieft’s nod to representative government, giving himself a two votes on the three vote council of advisors; pp. 116-117, Kieft’s first priority is dealing with the Minuit-Swedish threat, and he offers to tolerate so long as they don’t militarize their settlement; pp. 116-114, death of Minuit in a Caribbean Hurricane in August, 1638; p. 117, Kieft decides not to be aggressive about the Swedish settlement while he concentrates on a fiscal financial crisis in the colony, largely due to the DWIC ‘s failure to profit from the opening of free trade while others did; pp. 117-118, role of wampum, or sewant; pp. 118-119, Kieft’s resolve to levy a protection tax on local Indians, and his zeal for eventual extermination; pp. 119-120, his exploitation of an incident on Staten Island; p. 121, the Swits murder occurs at this juncture; p. 121, Kieft’s convening of a war council of 12, the first popularly chosen body in the future New York State, but a body which annoyed him by counseling against war; pp. 123-124, council’s preference for seeking individual justice for the actual murderer than vengeance against his tribe as a whole; p. 122, the Council begins to demand more self-government in the Dutch tradition at home, and Kieft responds with a dissolution; pp. 123-125, Kieft’s war and De Vries’ resistance to it; p. 125, the origins of resistance in the Dutch Revolt of the sixteenth century; pp. 125-126, emergence of tolerance in the Dutch determination to avoid the horrors of religious conflicts like the 30 Years’ War in Germany; p. 125, the idea that Dutchness was more than ethnic identity; p. 126, ruthlessness of merchant warriors versus eagerness of farmers and traders to do business with the Indians; pp. 126-127, descriptions of settler activities; pp. 127-128, Kiefts’ heavyhandedness provokes the formation of an Indian confederation against the settlement, and many settlers fled to New Amsterdam after being driven out of the countryside.
Chapter Seven, “The Cause,” pp. 129-145.
pp. 129-131, the exuberant observations and writings of Van Der Donck as he fell increasingly in love with the New World; pp. 131-134, increasing contentious relationship with his patron Van Rensaeller, as he tends to place the interests of the colonists ahead of business principles; pp. 134-135, van der Donck’s sympathy for Indians, grounded in his own observations and also in a Dutch tradition of abhorring the Spanish treatment of the indigenous in a manner similar to their own oppression; pp. 135-136, his constant observations of the Mohawks and the Mohicans, and his observation might be traced to the agricultural culture of the Mohawks versus the hunter-gatherer culture of the Mohicans; pp. 136-137, van der Donck’s major work A Description of New Netherland, why it deserves to rank alongside William Bradford’s book and why it has not received its due; pp. 137-138, his study of the law, government, and public policy of the Indians; pp. 138-139, Van Ransaeller tries to head off van der Donck by purchasing the Catskill tracts west of the Hudson, achieving this but soon dying; p. 139 van der Donck responds by moving down to New Amsterdam; pp. 139-140, Cornelius Melyn and Jochem Kuyter launch an offensive against Kieft and the West India Company; pp. 140-141, anger at proposed taxes on beavers and beer; pp. 141-144, emergence of van der Donck as someone leading the writings of legal petitions to send back to the Netherlands; pp. 144-145, the DWIC decides to replace Kiefts, not out of sympathy for the van der Donck-written petition but out of s conviction that they need someone shrewder in the use of force.
Chapter Eight, “The One-Legged Man,” pp. 146-166.
pp. 146-147, Peter Stuvesant loses his leg at the siege of St. Martin in the Caribbean; p. 148, his Frisian origins and dropping out of college; p. 149, joins the Company, serves in Brazil and the Caribbean, and develops a personal fondness for the English; pp. 149-150, his poetic relationship with the university educated lawyer, poet and painter John Farrett, born in Amsterdam to English parents; pp. 150-151,Stuyvesant’s records reveal the circular trade of Netherlands to West Africa to South-America Caribbean to New Amsterdam to the Netherlands again, showing that the future port of New York began its rise long before its supposed eighteenth century origins under British rule; p. 151, his first involvement in the affairs of New Netherland came when he sent reinforcements from the Caribbean to the northern colony during Kieft’s War; pp. 151-153, tendency of the Company to see Brazil rather than New Netherland as its central possession; pp. 152-153, decision of Stuyvesant to return home on leave when the stump on his amputated leg would not heal in the tropical climate; pp. 153-155, during his stay at home he finds a wife and wins the attention of the Company directors as a plausible replacement for Kiefts; pp. 155-158, the outbreak and growing intensity of the English Civil War leads Dutch ambassador to London Albert Joacimi to urge the Dutch government to take advantage of King Charles’ embattled state to persuade the King to order his New England settlers to stop pressuring New Netherland; pp. 15-159, pattern of Civil War refugees fleeing first to New England, finding the Puritans there intolerant, then moving to New Netherland; p. 159, Kieft welcomes these refugees and gives them religious freedom, even while denying the settlers there representative government; pp. 159-160, Lady Deborah Moody and Anne Hutchinson; pp. 160-161, the Reverend Francis Doughty, who insists on ministering in Manhattan rather than Queens against Kieft’s wishes, and whose daughter Mary marries van der Donck in 1645; pp. 161-162, a report by the 19 Dutch directors of the Company to the Hague praises the Angolan-South American slave trade and orders Kieft to pursue a truce with the Indians, and Kieft sends van der Donck to negotiate one with the Mohicans and Mohawks as the key parties, not knowing as yet of the letter demanding his ouster that had been written by van der Donck; pp. 162-164, in return for his help in negotiating the truce—he provided the sewant that Kieft gave to the Indians—Van der Donck gained a huge grant of land in what is now the Bronx and southern Westchester County, with the city of Yonkers, the Junkers’ land, essentially named for him; p. 164, Kieft’s belief that he had won a triple crown of ending the war, saving his job, and discovering gold in the colony; pp. 164-165, reality that the New Englanders and the New Swedes were both becoming more powerful, and the gold substance was just pyrite or fool’s gold; pp. 165-166, arrival of Stuyvesant in the colony as the replacement on May 11, 1647.
Chapter Nine, “The General and the Princess,,” pp. 167-190.
pp. 167-168, the transition ceremony from Keift to Stuyvesant, at which the traditional address of thanks to Kieft was replaced by the taunts of Kuyter and Melyn, and Stuyvesant pledged to administer justice equally and swiftly; p. 148, Stuyvesant’s preference for martial law in a wilderness setting, and his reference to the inhabitants as his subjects; p. 169, his governing style is a mixture of military structure, corporate efficiency, and sinners before an angry Calvinist God; p. 170, he was aware that he was replacing Kieft because of the letter the settlers had sent against his predecessor, but even though he had benefitted by taking Kieft’s job he regarded their letter as treason; pp. 170-171, new director Stuyvesant has promised a formal review of the case of Kieft versus the colonists of New Netherland, but is unaware that various citizens, including van der Donck, are secretly taking him at his word and preparing their side of the case; p. 171, the case pits against each other Dutch empire building and Dutch free thought; pp. 171-172, narrow formation of Stuyvesant in an isolated farming province and military outposts gives him little knowledge of Dutch intellectual currents; p. 172, the hope of the protestors to build the case against Kieft’s into a vehicle for winning representative government for their colony; pp. 173-174, samples of van der Donck’s interrogatories; p. 174, Stuyvesant’s three instructions to his councilors to use in evaluating the interrogatories; p. 175, Stuyvesant shows the settlers’ complaints to Kieft, who now learned for the first time why and how he was dismissed and becomes enraged; p. 175, Kieft as Stuyvesant had likely hoped, is now stirred to file a formal counter-complaint against his accusers;pp. 175-178, the reply that Van der Donck compiled to Kieft’s complaint; pp. 178-179, Stuyvesant sends Melyn, Kuyter and Kiefts back to the Netherlands for an appeal, but they are killed in a shipwreck on the coast of Wales; pp. 179-180, Stuyvesant sees the wreck as a chance to put the case in the past and move on to address the festering problems of the colony, and likely sees it as God’s punishment on all concerned, Kieft for abusing his office and the others for defying his legitimate authority; p. 180-181, his sense that the colonies of Connecticut and New Haven are hostile, but Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth are willing to deal; p. 181, favorable response of John Winthrop, partly based on New England’s reliance on New Amsterdam as a shipping hub amid the chaos of the English Civil War; pp. 181-183, Stuyvesant realizes that New Sweden has now had ten extra years to dig in in the lower Delaware Valley; pp. 183-184, Stuyvesant’s understanding that the English pose the greater long term danger, but also that the Swedish can’t be allowed to fester much longer either; p. 184, comparison of Stuyvesant, John Winthrop, and New Sweden Governor Johan Printz, whom Stuyvesant sees as militarily incompetent; p. 184, murder accusation against Dutch Trader Looockermans, whom the Minquas Indians claim killed their chief;
pp. 184-185, construction needs at New Amsterdam impel Stuyvesant to form a representative council according to the Dutch method of the residents proposing 18 names, out of which Stuyvesant is to choose nine to constitute the actual board; pp. 185-186, Van der Donck’s assistance to Stuyvesant in the case of the Scottish Andrew Forrester claiming title to the colony from the English crown; p. 186, the English noble dream of recreating the Middle Ages in the New World, and the example of the Ferdinando Gorges claim to Maine and Lord Baltimore to Maryland; pp. 186-187, the Plowden-New Albion case; pp. 187-189, the van den Bogaert case and its example of homophobia; pp. 189-190, Stuyvesant’s insistence that his authority extends to Van Raeller wyck, his feud with its director Slichtenhorst, fought with Van der Donck’a assistance.; p. 190, Van der Donck finally achieves a position on the board of nine in December 1648, and Stuyvesant is temporarily pleased.
Chapter Ten, “The People’s Champion,” pp. 191-208.
pp. 191-192, it turns out that Melyn and Kuyter have survived the wreck after all, and have now reached the Netherlands after a difficult trek through civil war ravaged England; pp. 192-193, January, 1649 petition from the Board of Nine asking permission to ask the Hague to have the Dutch government take over direct governance of the colony, which puzzled Stuyvesant because van der Donck is involved in its writing; pp. 193-194, need to organize a settlement of the Munster Peace Treaty; pp. 194-195, van der Donck assesses the beaver trade to the colony and contemplates adding tobacco; p. 195, Dutch trade with Virginia already important; pp. 195-196, Van Der Donck begins to develop his own estate in today’s Bronx and environs; pp. 197-198, return of the rescued Melyn with indications of the support he had won at home, including that of the Prince of Orange, which convinces the Board of Nine and the people in general that they have a just cause; pp. 199-200, first confrontation between Stuyvesant and van der Donk in January, 1649, at which VDD finally reveals his stand; pp. 200-201,Stuyvesant tries to set up a rigged trial in Manhattan of van der Donck in March, 1649, but his own council turns on him, led by his vice director Lubbert van Dinklagen, the only other lawyer in the colony other than van Der Donck, who wants the proceedings grounded in Dutch law;
pp. 201-203, mass meeting with scuffle over a document summoning Stuyvesant home; p. 203, the Stuyvesant musket scandal; pp 204-206, van Der Donck is released from jail and begins to prepare his Remonstrance of New Netherland; pp. 206, preparation of the various delegations that will go to the Netherlands and their departure.
Chapter Eleven, “An American in Europe,” pp. 209-232.
pp. 209-212, Adrian Pauw and the negotiation of the Westphalia settlement, signaling the emergence of modern secular politics, international law, and the successful conclusion of the Dutch struggle for independence; p. 212, Shorto’s belief that van der Donck returns to his homeland now transformed into an American; pp. 212-215, portrayal of Golden Age Amsterdam, especially the building of the new Town Hall on Dam Square; p. 215 sketch of the Hague; pp. 216-219, presentation of the case to the States General; p. 219, recent beheading of England’s Charles I has stirred discussion in the Netherlands of the limits of authority in general; pp. 219-220, the circle of the ex-Jesuit van der Enden and Spinoza, a sort of Socratic academy in Amsterdam, which discussed free inquiry and self-government; pp. 220, the later Plockhoy (“the father of socialism”) settlement on Delaware Bay on the former site of New Sweden; p. 221, initial response of the States General to the remonstrance is to appointment a committee to study the question; pp. 221-223, the question is soon shunted aside, however as the assembly begins to quarrel with the prince of orange about demobilization issues; pp. 223-225, with the political situation halted, Van Der Donck turns to publicizing the colony to attract new settlers, working to publish pamphlets, engravings, and maps; pp. 225-226, visits his family and separately persuades his legally separated parents, and one of his brothers, to move to New Netherland; p. 227, meanwhile in the Hague hearings resume and van Tienhoven presents the Company’s side of the story, perhaps giving a more accurate portrayal of its prosperity than Van Der Donck’s side had; pp. 227-229, the pamphlet appears, winning popular support for the remonstrance and bringing huge demand for migration to the colony; p. 230-231, ambivalent April 1650 ruling, with some reforms demanded by the petitioners ordered but the colony remaining under DWIC control and Stuyvesant ordered to come home to report; pp. 231-232, the letter of Van Der Donck to Dr. La Montangne, envisioning a future with New Netherland as an intergral if non contiguous part of the Netherlands on the Alaska_Hawaii model.
Chapter Twelve, “A Dangerous Man,” pp. 233-254.
pp. 233-234, Stuyvesant establishes his own manor; pp. 234-235, responds to what Van Der Doncyk is doing in the Netherlands by becoming more heavy-handed in the colony; p. 235, has to deal with the many newcomers that van der Donck’s publicity inspired; pp. 235-236, the successes of Stuyvesant in diplomacy prompt Shorto to remind readers that without the successes of BOTH Stuyvesant and Van der Donck, the colony probably would not have endured long enough for Dutch institutions to take route before the English moved in; p. 236, the St. Beninio smuggling incident leads to conflict with the New Haven colony; p. 237 forges a relationship with Massachusetts Governor John Endicott; pp. 237-238, the Hartford Summit conference and the establishment of definite boundaries between English and Dutch territory in return for Stuyvesant recognizing the reality of already established English settlements in Connecticut and eastern Long Island (Nassau versus Suffolk counties); pp. 238-240, the failed effort of William of Orange to grab monarchical power, followed by his speedy death from smallpox; pp. 240-241, the Van Tienhoven sex scandal; pp. 241-245, without a rival any longer, Van der Donck wins the case and secures Stuyvesant’s recall in April, 1652; pp. 245-249, the emergence of Dutch conflict with Cromwell’s England cancels the van der Donck victory, as the threat of war made the DWIC important to Dutch fortunes again; pp. 249-250, early course of the war; pp. 250-252, Van der Donck writes his description during the war; pp. 252-253, in late 1653, Van der Donck is allowed to return to return to New Netherland in return for giving up participation in public life.
PART THREE, “THE INHERITANCE.”
Chapter Thirteen, “Becoming,” pp. 257-283.
pp. 257-258, the first municipal government of New Amsterdam is founded, 1653, and is based on Roman Dutch law and the Code of Justinian, and modeled on the way old Amsterdam is governed; pp. 259-260, ,the new government’s first order of business is to deal with the fallout from the Anglo-Dutch war, and protect New Netherland from English attack; p. 260, the wall that gives its name to Wall Street, intended to keep out the English, not the Indians; pp. 260-261, the appearance of an English propaganda pamphlet claiming that the Dutch had hired Indians to massacre the colonists of Connecticut and New Haven while they were in church; p. 261, New Englanders come to New Netherland to confer with Stuyvesant about this, notice the thriving nature of the colony, and realize it might be urgent to conquer it; pp. 261-262, van der Donck returns, is denied permission to research in the colony’s records, largely drops out of sight, but seems to have operated behind the scenes; pp. 263-265, the insurgency of the Long Island towns, the suggestion that van der Donck was involved with its written expressions, and Shorto’s observation that this was probably not a case of English versus Dutch settlers but a case of the outlying towns against the behemoth of New Amsterdam: p. 265, Cromwell sends a fleet to take New Amsterdam in 1654, but its passage to Boston is delayed by weather and overtaken by news of a peace treaty between the English and the Dutch; pp. 265-267, portrayal of New Amsterdam coming into its own under the new municipal charter; pp. 267-268, portrayal of the town of Beverwyck, later Albany, which grew up around Fort Orange; p. 268, merchants in Amsterdam make New Amsterdam the hub of their Atlantic trade; p. 268, the reformed burgher system makes New Netherland a more egalitarian place than the English colonies; p. 269, the lack of a guild system in the colony allows artisans to branch out; pp. 269-271, emergence of the boss and other customs, including Santa Claus; pp. 271-272, Harlem; p. 272, records of the Dutch Reformed Church of New Amsterdam show many international marriages; p. 272, the returned Van Der Donck witnesses America’s first melting pot; p. 273, lack of equality in the tolerant colony; pp. 273-274, the array of feelings in the colony about slavery, the nature of slave labor there, and the role of Stuyvesant in the slave trade; pp. 274-277, Stuyvesant’s resistance to religious tolerance does not destroy it in the colony; pp. 277-279, Stuyvesant’s seizure of New Sweden in 1655, his decision to tolerate the continued residence of the Finnish settlers, who contribute the log cabin to American culture, and the warning the Swedish factor gave him; pp. 279-281, the Peach War, started when Swedish-allied Indians retaliated for Stuyvesant’s seizure of New Sweden, results in the death of Van Der Donck; p. 281-283, his book on the description of the colony survives him, and brings still more publicity and newcomers to the colony.
Chapter Fourteen, “New York,” pp. 284-300.
pp. 284-285, Shorto’s praise for the fusion of seventeenth century Dutch tolerance and free trade and eighteenth century English ideas of self-government that occurred after the English absorbed New Netherland; p. 285, George Downing’s graduation from Harvard in 1642, the first graduating class there, with Downing’s uncle Governor John Winthrop presiding; pp. 285-286, Downing goes to England, participates in the Civil War on the Puritan side and becomes Cromwell’s ambassador to The Hague; p. 286, Downing’s lack of popularity with both the English and the Dutch is paralleled by a facility for getting his way; p. 286, Downing’s skill at reconciling with Charles II after the Stuart Restoration, and his reappointment to The Hague; pp. 286-287, meanwhile his cousin, Connecticut Governor John Winthrop, son of the original John, emerges as an exception to Puritan repugnance to having to ask the new King for a Connecticut colonial charter; pp. 287-288, Winthrop’s decision to sail to England with his charter request via New Amsterdam, and his bonhomie with Stuyvesant during his stop there; p. 288, in old Amsterdam, Winthrop calls on the directors of the Dutch West India Company, and persuades them of his friendship;
pp. 288-289, Winthrop travels on to the Hague under the guise that Downing is his cousin, but gives Downing a map he had drawn up of New Amsterdam’s fortifications;
Chapter Fifteen, “Inherited Features,” pp. 301-318.
EPILOGUE: “THE PAPER TRAIL,” pp. 319-325.
UNITED STATES HISTORY SURVEY
9
200-91=109, DIVIDED BY TWO IS 54.5=55
GRADE: 55 F
READINGS NEED TO BE DONE MUCH CAREFULLY AND YOU NEED TO TARGET WHAT THE QUESTIONS ARE ACTUALLY ASKING YOU TO REVIEW. ALSO, I RECOMMEND RELISTENING TO CLASS CLOUD RECORDINGS AS YOU WRITE.
EXAM ONE
SECTION ONE: IDENTIFICATIONS.
1. The differing attitudes of Lord Durham and his son-in-law Lord Elgin toward French-speaking Canadians.
Lord Durham was persistently hostile and biased towards the French-speaking Canadians. He could refer to them as the people with no history and no literature during most of the time. He recommended the assimilation of French-speaking Canadians and uniting them to the English-speaking Canadians, who were also the majority from Upper Canada (Heffner & Heffner, 514). On the other hand, his son-in-law Lord Elgin had a different opinion regarding the French-speaking Canadians, and he removed the traditional suspicion of the French Canadians. Moreover, Lord Elgin embraced the principle of the responsible government and considered the French as part of the Canadians. OK, CONCISE EXPLANATION.
2. The New Netherlands Blind Spots in Making Moral Judgments
The New Netherlands’ blind spots in making moral judgments are their psychological limitations and bias as a community or individuals that prevented them from seeing the inconsistencies or flaws in their moral judgments, social practices, and actions. (-10 POINTS) YOU MUST BE MORE SPECIFIC HERE AND TALK ABOUT THEIR TENDENCY TO THINK THAT ANY PRACTICE THAT WAS FINANCIALLY PROFITABLE WAS MORAL.
3. The real reason the British conquered French Canada in 1759
When the British took possession of Quebec City in 1759, the French considered it an unfortunate setback, but no one expected it to be permanent. Colonies traded hands during wars, and usually, in the end, most of them were given back. However, the real reason why the British conquered French Canada in 1759 is that the French had done particularly poorly in the war (Heffner & Heffner, 514). In addition, the Seven Years War was just one of several conflicts between European powers at the time. Spain, Russia, Portugal, and several German principalities were also drawn in. It was not a situation where they could let bygones be bygones. France had done particularly poorly in the Caribbean, which would continue to be a hotly disputed area due to its sugar resources. The sugar trade was worth far more than the fur trade, and England had taken control of three sugar-producing territories (Bothwell, 456). The British were willing to be somewhat generous, but France had to choose. (-10 POINTS) YOU STILL NEED THE DECISIVE EVENT, WHICH IS THAT THE BRITISH HAD GAINED NAVAL CONTROL OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN. THIS MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE FOR THE FRENCH TO SUPPLY THEIR COLONY ANY LONGER AND IN TIME LED TO THE FALL OF CANADA FROM THEIR HANDS. THE BRITISH HAD THE INSIGHT TO REALIZE THAT CONTROLLING THE SEA LANES BETWEEN EUROPE AND CANADA WOULD BE DECISIVE IN THE CONTROL OF NORTH AMERICA.
SECTION TWO: PLAUSIBLE STATEMENTS HEFFNER.
1. England cannot be considered a good mother country, as she treats her North American colonies out of concern for her self-interest and not out of love for them.
– I have generated this information from the History Book called “A Documentary History of the United States” written by Richard Heffner and Alexander Heffner. In this history book, Richard Heffner provides an in-depth story regarding the British invasion of America. In the book, the author refers to the British invasion of America as a territorial invasion. In that regard, I have chosen this book because it contains a lot of information regarding the American attack that will help me write this paper. (-8 POINTS) HERE YOU NEED TO REACH FOR A SPECIFIC DOCUMENT WITHIN HEFFNER, COMMON SENSE BY THOMAS PAINE—THIS WAS THE ARGUMENT FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE OFFERED BY PAINE, THAT ENGLAND WAS A POOR MOTHER COUNTRY NOT ONLY ON ACCOUNT OF HER BEHAVIOR BUT BECAUSE MOST PEOPLE IN AMERICA BY 1776 CAME FROM ELSEWHERE IN EUROPE THAN ENGLAND.
2.
I have two legacies I want to leave with you, my warning against political parties and my desire that you form trading rather than diplomatic alliances with other countries.
I have generated the information from the History Book called “A Documentary History of the United States” written by Richard Heffner. The book is essential because the author provides much information about the book’s political parties and diplomatic alliances. The author also explores the Canadian history intellectual between the lower and Upper Canada rebellions and the American Revolution of 1837-38. This book is essential in researching information to write this paper. (-8 POINTS) AGAIN, YOU HAVE TO REACH WITHIN HEFFNER FOR A SPECIFIC DOCUMENT, IN THIS CASE THE FAREWELL ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT GEORGE WASHINGTON. HE WAS TRYING TO LESSEN THE POSSIBILITY OF A FOREIGN ATTACK ON THE US THROUGH URGING PEOPLE TO HEAL POLITICAL DIVIDES BEFORE ENEMIES MIGHT EXPLOIT THEM. HE ALSO THOUGHT THAT TO MAKE A FORMAL ALLIANCE WITH SOMEONE MAKES THEIR ENEMY YOUR ENEMY, RAISING THE RISK OF A FOREIGN ATTACK. WASHINGTON WANTED TO GIVE THE NEWLY FORMED UNITED STATES A LONG PERIOD OF PEACE SO IT MIGHT GAIN STRENGTH BEFORE GOING TO WAR AGAIN.
3. My newspaper is meant only to end slavery. I have not given any thought to what might happen to those who have been enslaved once they are free. I am not usually the one that handles it anyway.
I have generated this information from the History book called “The Penguin History of Canada” written by Robert Bothwell. In the book, the author describes the American nation as one person. The book is helpful in my research because it contains lots of information about the Ontario wildlife and the popularity of sport hunting, and how the two activities grew and became more helpful. Moreover, importantly, the book explores the Canadian nations in detail, making it suitable for this research. (-10 POINTS) THIS IS STILL A HEFFNER DOCUMENT, NAMELY IN THIS CASE THE FIRST EDITORIAL OF WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISONS’ ABOLITIONIST NEWSPAPER THE LIBERATOR. GARRISON FOCUSED ON ENDNING ENSLAVEMENT BUT GAVE NO PRIORITY TO ASSISTING THE SLAVES ONCE FREED.
SECTION THREE: PLAUSIBLE STATEMENTS CANADA.
1. I had some profound thoughts about humanity being one as I listened to a Christmas broadcast from a radio station of the same country that was bombing the neighborhood where I was staying at that very moment.
– I have generated this information from the History Book called “A Documentary History of the United States” written by Richard Heffner and Alexander Heffner. In the book, the author explores pertinent issues regarding humanity and the media, which would be more important in answering this post. (-10 POINTS) THIS IS LESTER PEARSON’S ACCEPTANCE SPEECH FOR THE NOBEL PRIZE FOR PEACE. IT IS NOT FROM THE HEFFNER READER.
2. A Governor-General needs a healer and a reconciler to represent the Crown in Canada. So, I am not going to use my position as the Queen’s representative to seek revenge on those who oppressed my immigrant ancestors when they first arrived here
– I have generated this information from the History book called “The Penguin History of Canada” written by Robert Bothwell. The author explores the history of the Canadian nation and North America in the book. According to the author, Canadian politics was an essential part of the country’s heritage. In that regard, I believe this book is rich in information that can help me write this post. (-10 POINTS_ THIS IS GOVERNOR GENERAL CLARKSON SAYING THAT SHE WILL NOT USE THAT POST AS A VEHICLE FOR PUNISHING THE WHITE SUPREMACISTS WHO PERSECUTED HER WHEN SHE FIRST ARRIVED IN CANADA FROM HONG KONG DURING WORLD WAR 11.
3. Canada has an industrialized nations’ tendency to use far too much of the world’s resources and look at what consequences this has for the rainforest several thousand miles from our country
.
– I have generated this information from the History Book called “A Documentary History of the United States” written by Richard Heffner and Alexander Heffner. The authors examine the Canadian workers in a deeper context in the book. I believe it contains lots of information regarding Canadian history that can help me write this post. (-10 POINTS) THIS IS FROM THE ANALYSIS OF CANADIAN DOCUMENTS THAT I PASSED OUT IN CLASS. IT IS ABOUT THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT OF CANADA, AND IN PARTICULARL ABOUT HOW DECISIONS MADE IN CANADA AFFECT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE AMAZON.
ESSAYS
Q1: Do you think Bothwell would agree with Woodard’s description of the regional nations of Canada? Explain your position.
Colin Woodard argues that North America is made of eleven different and distinct nations with an absolute historical background (Woodard, 312). In that regard, Colin Woodard examines the origin of the American people and looks at how American history and identity developed over the years. In addition, the author looks at how the conflicts between these eleven American nations started and how they molded and shaped the future of the American people. As if that is not enough, the author reveals how every region in America has continued to embrace the American identities and ideals (Woodard, 327). However, I think Robert Bothwell would disagree with Woodard’s description of the regional nations of Canada because Colin Woodward’s was an excellent example of how best to define several strands of a cultural phenomenon within a more extensive culture. His view is that “the Americans is one nation” but not eleven nations, as argued by Robert Bothwell.
Moreover, unlike Colin Woodard, Robert Bothwell believes that America is a single nation of federated states. Its mainland is located roughly between the 49th parallel (longitudinal border with Canada) and south to the 37th parallel on the North American continent (Bothwell, 150). Contrary to some people’s perception, the USA is not all of America, which happens to be two adjoining continents. Therefore, America might consist of Canada, the USA, Central America, South America & the Caribbean. It was once a delusion of the USA (dated to 1823 under the expansionist doctrine of USA President Monroe and subsequent USA presidents) that the USA would take possession of all the nations on the American continents (Bothwell, 209). Colin Woodard would argue that North America consists of the independent governments of Mexico, Canada, and the so-called United States of America, along with several nations sometimes known collectively as Central America, as far south as the Darien watershed or the Panama Canal. Under some definitions, North America includes Greenland and island nations in the Caribbean. South America is generally considered to extend south from Colombia to the southern tip of Chile. However, Robert Bothwell would refer to the United States of America, a sizeable, federated republic nation occupying part of North America, as ‘America’ and the people and culture as ‘American.’
(-25 POINTS) YOU TALK ALL AROUND THE TWO BOOKS HERE. NEED A MUCH MORE FOCUSED COMPARISON OF THEIR CONTRASTED OUTLOOKS, WOOLDARD BEING THE LOCALIST AND BOTHWELL THE CONTINENATLIST
Q 2: How can Canada and the United States plausibly claim to have won the War of 1812?
In June 1812, the only chance for the U.S. to win an actual decisive victory was in that initial summer and fall of 1812. The only way for the U.S. to take an offensive war against the British Empire was to invade Canada, which the U.S. attempted to do (Heffner & Heffner, 208). Unfortunately, the U.S. was unprepared at the outset of the war and left unable to take advantage of that Upper Canada (present-day Ontario) was very lightly defended. The U.S. had little in the way of a professional army, relying mainly on state militia to fight. Although the United States Military Academy had been founded in 1802, military leadership was heavy on aging veterans of the American Revolution and politicians trying to step up as kind of citizen-generals. Both contributed to failures for the U.S. in the initial stages of the war.
On the Detroit frontier, Gen. William Hull, one such aging veteran, led an invasion across the Detroit River but failed to act decisively when he could have captured the British fort at Amherstburg. A combined British-Native American force, led by Isaac Brock and Tecumseh, more or less bluffed Hull back to Detroit and then bluffed him into surrendering the city on August 16, 1812, by making him think he was surrounded and outnumbered by far more than he was (Heffner & Heffner, 280). On the Niagara frontier, Stephen Van Rensselaer, a New York politician, attempted to invade the Niagara River. Van Rensselaer had a reasonable plan but getting a relatively untrained militia across the border was difficult for various reasons. Furthermore, while Van Rensselaer was supposed to be in overall command of the U.S. invasion, the regular army commander in the area, Gen. Alexander Smyth, basically refused to follow any orders or allow his troops to be used in the effort Bothwell, 213). Van Rensselaer was defeated at the Battle of Queenston Heights on October 13, 1812, during which the victorious Isaac Brock was killed. Smyth attempted his invasion in November, which was unsuccessful as well. While the Anglo-American war ended in something resembling a military stalemate, and the Treaty of Ghent resulted in status quo ante Bellum between the U.S. and Britain, the decisive U.S. victory over Tecumseh ended what some historians call THE GREAT WAR.
(-25 POINTS) YOU NEED THE FACT THAT THE USA EMERGED FROM THE WAR FULLY I NDEPENDENT AND THE CANADIANS EMERGED FROM THE WAR AS STILL SEPARATE FROM THE UNITED STATES.
References
Bothwell R. (2006). The Punguin History of Canada. Pp. 1-549.
Heffner R D & Heffner A. (2013). A Documentary History of the United States. Pp. 1-658.
Woodard C. (2011). American Nation. pp. 1-441.
HISTORY 2310, SECTIONS O1 AND 02
WINTER QUARTER, 2022
FR THOMAS MURPHY, SJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF HISTORY
SYNOPSIS OF PRIMARY SOURCE DOCUMENTS FROM CANADIAN HISTORY.
CATEGORY NUMBER ONE: DEFINING CANADIAN AND WHO SPECIFICALLY, IS CANADIAN.
1. Louis Hippolyte Lafontaine, “Address to the Electors of Terrebonne,” 1840. Reacting to the anti-French recommendations of the Anglo-centric Lord Durham, Lafontaine argues that all people born in Canada should identify as Canadians, make Canada their home, and begin building a new nation without the divisions of old Europe. Says that while Durham has constructed a new constitution that is unfair to the French speakers, the best way for them to transform this system is to take part in it and thereby reveal their qualifications for public service.
2. Thomas D’Arcy McGee, two addresses: “A Northern Nation,” 1860 and “A Canadian Nationality,” 1863—argues that the various peoples of Canada should overlook nationalistic and religious differences. McGee follows the tradition of Lafontaine but is more focused on overcoming religious than linguistic differences. He also sees an opportunity to remake Britain in Canada without the class divides of Old Britain. Also uses the expression “a northern nation” as code for not the United States.
3. Wilfred Laurier, “The Canadian Century,” 1904. He says that Canada will overtake the power in North America of the United States, which had dominated the continent during the nineteenth century. This new power will arise from Canada’s role as a bridge of trade between Europe and Asia. An early indication of a vision for Canada of communities communicating with one another.
4. Denise Strong, “On Canadian Identity,” 1995—Points out the Canadian identity of Chinese immigrants to Canada, people who will want their say in the future of the country and particularly the fate of Quebec within Canada. She talks about the prejudice her family had overcome during the movement to exclude Asian immigrants from Canada, late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
CATEGORY NUMBER TWO: WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN CANADA.
1. Agnes MacPhail, Speeches on Women’s Rights, two in 1925 and one in 1930. Talks about the necessity to allow Canadian women to work outside the home, urges equality of husband of wife within the family circle, and talks about women taking their rightful place within the tradition of British common law that Canada as imported.
2. Adrienne Clarkson, “Installation Speech as Governor General of Canada,” 1999.57. As she takes office as the first Chinese Canadian representative of the Crown in Canada, she discusses the need for Canadians to forgive the oppression of the past and go forward in a spirit of reconciliation with one another.
CATEGORY NUMBER THREE: CANADIAN INTERNATIONALISM AND COMMUNITARIANISM.
1. Lester Pearson, Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech, 1957.—-The demands of the nuclear age make global cooperation imperative, and Canada can be a leader in this regard.
2. David Sukuki, “Environmental Challenges,” 1988: An early warning speech about climate change. Suzuki urges Canadians to face their overconsumption of the world’s resources and deal with the global implications of their industrial system.
3. Maurice Strong, “We are a Species out of Control,” 1992.—–extends this environmentalism to call upon Canadians to help save the Amazon rain forest of South America. What is done in Canada has implications that far beyond its borders.
4. Nelson Mandela, Acceptance of Honorary Canadian Citizenship, 1998. He accepts on the basis that Canada assisted, through word and example, the movement to end apartheid in South Africa.
