Integrating at least 3 the learning
resources
from this week, discuss the following:
Remember to use your own words, using your best writing skills, cite your sources, and provide a reference list
resources
.http://dln.jaipuria.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1891/1/MGI-Future-of-Work-Briefing-note-May-2017
https://workofthefuture.mit.edu/research-post/the-work-of-the-future-building-better-jobs-in-an-age-of-intelligent-machines/
https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/focus/technology-and-the-future-of-work/tech-leaders-reimagining-work-workforce-workplace.html
Work and Technology
BEHS
1
03: Technology in Contemporary Society
Week Four
Credit: Katherine Im (
2
021, June)
1
Definition of work
Source: Dictionary.com
2
Work [wurk]
noun
1. exertion or effort directed to produce or accomplish something; labor; toil.
2. something on which exertion or labor is expended; a task or undertaking:
3. productive or operative activity.
4. employment, as in some form of industry, especially as a means of earning one’s livelihood.
Origins of work
Pre-Civilization
Work = survival
Hunter-gatherer
Hand to mouth existence
Nomadic
Source: http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/21/eat-like-a-caveman-the-trouble-with-paleo-living.html
When did civilization begin?
Civilization began around 10,000-2000 BCE in Southwest Asia (Mesopotamia/Sumerians) and in Egypt
Source: http://wps.ablongman.com/long_levack_wc_1/43/11050/2829013.cw/index.html
Image Source: http://www.mrdowling.com/603mesopotamia.html
4
What is a civilization?
Source: http://wps.ablongman.com/long_levack_wc_1/43/11050/2829013.cw/index.html
“…a city-based society in which there are differing occupations and levels of wealth wherein elites exercise economic, political, and religious power.”
How was civilization possible?
Man figured out how to harness nature for human gain through the early use of….
Technology!
Bronze Age (around 3000 BC)
Advent of metal tools
Used for:
Protection
Build permanent shelters – end of nomadic existence
Weapons
Tools
Source: http://www.google.com/search?q=bronze+age+tools&hl=en&qscrl=1&rlz=1T4AURU_enUS502US502&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=hWvlUbyWIvbK4AOm24CQBw&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1440&bih=698#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=wjyHRtuNefDmBM%3A%3BCSrg21y-Nr2C8M%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.artcompsci.org%252Fimg%252Ftoolbox %3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.artcompsci.org%252F%3B191%3B294
9
Art
http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/roccos/art203/greece.html
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/47.100.14
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://homepage.eircom.net/~cronews/archive/history/bronze/gorget &imgrefurl=http://homepage.eircom.net/~cronews/archive/history/bronze/bronze2.html&h=434&w=398&sz=57&tbnid=ve8qogIaRfbRoM:&tbnh=91&tbnw=83&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dbronze%2Bage%2Bart%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=bronze+age+art&usg=__LXdBDLxkYN6GJIXy4cdUnzDcEtk=&docid=mOvOum3V4QrbjM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=F2zlUb74CJL_4AOs7ICgBw&ved=0CEAQ9QEwBQ&dur=1857
10
Examples of harnessing nature
Building shelter
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/arts/architec/AncientArchitectural/Mesopotamian/EarlyDynastic/SumerianArchitecture/SumerianArchitecture.htm
12
Harnessing wind
Egyptian Reed Ship
http://maritime-connector.com/wiki/history/
13
http://www.prlog.org/11223212-gobi-desert-in-china.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Everest_North_Face_toward_Base_Camp_Tibet_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_edit_1
Using land forms for protection
Irrigation
Egypt, 2000 BCE
http://www.mitchellteachers.net/WorldHistory/MrMEarlyHumansProject/MrMEmergingSumerianCityStates.html
Ancient Mesopotamia
15
Agriculture (6500 BCE)
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080716140918.htm
16
Domestication of animals (6500 BCE)
Source of food and labor
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17323/17323-h/17323-h.htm
17
Implications of technological advances
Ample food supply
Population growth
Emergence of more sophisticated social structures
Division of labor
Technology led to increased efficiency
Fewer field workers needed
Extra people could do other things – herdsmen, merchants, traders, builders, craftsmen
Beginnings of a specialized work force
Religion (5300 BCE)
Early roots in Mesopotamia (Sumerians) – Largely around agriculture and climate – wanted to appease the gods
Ancient Egyptians (3000-2200 BCE) – polytheistic but began the idea of life after death
Government
Need for government to manage increasingly specialized society
Hammurabi code (1772 BC) – King of Babylonia – 1st set of laws organizing society, establishing punishments for crimes (“eye for an eye”)
Source: http://wps.ablongman.com/long_levack_wc_1/43/11050/2829013.cw/index.html
Image Source: http://www.awesomestories.com/assets/hammurabi-headpiece
21
Egypt (3000 BCE)
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080328104302.htm
http://www.historyembalmed.org/egyptian-pharaohs/akhenaten.htm
http://www.terminalstudio.com/egyptian-pyramids.shtml
22
Europe (3000 BCE)
2600 BCE – the technology that changed Europe
http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/fimage/lincolnimages/ardrey007h
24
Ancient Greece 8th-6th C. BCE
Gave rise to…
http://www.romecabs.com/blog/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2010/nov/07/ancient-world-greece
Ancient Rome – 8th C. BCE
Origins of modern work
Began with civilization and the advent of agriculture (10,000 years ago)
Required planning
Required organization
Required daily effort to tend, harvest, preserve
People worked every day to feed themselves
Technology => Efficiency => Extra Hands
Specialization of the work force
Creation of new class of workers – creation of art, crafts, luxuries
Distribution of wealth
Beginning of social classes
Coins first used in 700 BCE
Beginning of consumerism
Gave rise to economics
http://www.coin-collecting-guide-for-beginners.com/ancient-coins.html
27
Economics
Economics is the study of how people choose to use resources.
Many theories about how wealth and goods should be distributed for the good of society
Is economics a “technology?”
Source: American Economic Association
28
Fathers of Economics
Chanakya (370-283 BCE)
“Father of Economics”
Guidance on how kings should manage their kingdoms in distribution of wealth
Adam Smith (1723 – 1790)
“Father of Modern Economics”
“Laissez-faire” economics
Individuals act in their own interest, but collectively act in the best interest of society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith
29
Middle Ages (5th – 14th or 15th century)
Technologies that changed the way we work
Agriculture:
Plow
Crop rotation (8th century)
Horse Harness – moved from the next to the chest – better breathing, stronger and better hauling
http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/harness.html
Image source: http://rehtwogunraconteur.com/?p=20577
30
Mechanical clocks
changed how people conducted their day
allowed people to coordinate activities
http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/pabacker/history/middle.htm
31
Weaving & Other Craftmaking
Creation of merchant guilds (11th and 12th centuries) – precursor to unions
Protected one another and families in times of hardship
Set prices and quality
Not adaptive to changes in technology – required guild approval
http://gnc3.wordpress.com/category/middle-ages/
32
Weaponry
English longbow – 1300’s
Cannon – 1300’s
Matchlock guns – 1300’s
http://bashapedia.pbworks.com/w/page/13960966/Matchlocks
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Englishlongbow
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=medieval%20weapons&source=web&cd=8&cad=rja&sqi=2&ved=0CFEQFjAH&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technewsdaily.com%2F883-10-medieval-weapons-that-changed-the-face-of-warfare-.html&ei=IZ_lUZT4Nu_A4AOTtoDIBQ&usg=AFQjCNHVjcZQyD0hHu4HfMK6ycbaU8L8cg
33
Why was weaponry important?
Allowed well-armed civilizations to become very powerful
Creation of nation states, political alliances
Colonization
Spread of commerce, religion, culture
Renaissance (14th – 17th century)
Ostentatious displays of wealth
Art, education, commerce flourish
Predominant philosophy of the era:
Belief that man was the center of his own universe – why is that important?
http://2renaissance.org/2012/09/04/the-first-renaissance-1/
35
Suggests that the answers to human problems lie within humans themselves
Magnified the importance of invention and technological advances
DaVinci
Galileo
Michelangelo
Gutenberg
http://www.biography.com/people/leonardo-da-vinci-40396
http://www.doxologists.org/galileo-galilei/
http://www.biography.com/people/michelangelo-9407628
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg
36
Industrial Revolution (1750-1800)
Began in Great Britain
Attributed to the confluence of several factors:
http://www.flowofhistory.com/units/eme/17/FC111
37
Steam technology
Expanding market
Agricultural success => population growth => creating a market for manufactured goods
http://www.google.com/search?q=marketplace+in+1750&hl=en&qscrl=1&rlz=1T4AURU_enUS502US502&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=I6XlUYTxF_fk4APNoIGACg&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1440&bih=698#hl=en&qscrl=1&rlz=1T4AURU_enUS502US502&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=city+in+1750&oq=city+in+1750&gs_l=img.3…28991.31050.0.31241.12.12.0.0.0.0.198.1015.6j6.12.0….0…1c.1.19.img.UyU7Zj8OBQ0&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&bvm=bv.48705608,d.dmg&fp=45b551c64b4d25bb&biw=1440&bih=698&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=CL729ofBjNX0XM%3A%3B3r_oU7qIhIMJ5M%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.landrucimetieres.fr%252Fspip%252FIMG%252Fbmp%252FInnocents_1550petit.bmp%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.skyscrapercity.com%252Fshowthread.php%253Ft%253D1044081%2526page%253D4%3B551%3B300
39
Wealth
http://oneinabillionblog.com/category/6-sub-categories/personal-finances-sub-categories/wealth-personal-finances/
40
Transportation systems
http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g54946-d261414-Reviews-Tennessee_Valley_Railroad_TVR-Chattanooga_Tennessee.html
http://www.lifechurch.ie/bond-servant/
41
Colonialism
http://lonehillart.com/category/canvas-prints/
42
Social changes due to industrialization
Environmental changes
Factories often dirty and unsafe
Increased pollution of air and water
http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2009/10/05/midday1
44
Affordable consumer goods
http://voices.yahoo.com/social-changes-during-industrial-revolution-1018207.html
Image source: http://www.lasalle.edu/~mcinneshin/251/week06.htm
45
Improved living conditions
Better sanitation and diets
Increase in population
http://www.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/food/foods.htm
46
Immigration
High rates of migration from other countries to meet work demands
http://library.thinkquest.org/20619/Irish.html
47
Social stratification
very wealthy
very poor
emergence of a middle class
Gender Roles
Move to cities and physical labor led to higher wages for men – became the “breadwinner”
Higher status for men
Women became more domesticated
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Irish_immigrants_1909
http://library.thinkquest.org/20619/Irish.html
49
Changes to family structure
Families were smaller – limited space, more expensive to feed more mouths
Fewer intergenerational residences
the-sociohistoric-mission-of-modernist-architecture-the-housing-shortage-the-urban-proletariat-and-the-liberation-of-woman
50
Child labor
Low-cost labor
Poor working conditions
Ended with passage of 1800’s child labor laws
http://blogs.e-rockford.com/applesauce/2011/01/17/tea-party-senator-says-social-security-medicare-and-even-federal-child-labor-laws-are-unconstitutional/
51
The 5 day work week
Religion impacted how we work
1849 in Great Britain – factory workers worked 18 hour days
Workers were too tired to go to church
Metropolitan Early Closing Association religious group advocated closing early on Saturdays so workers wouldn’t be too tired to attend church
Source: http://www.readersdigest.com.au/history-of-work?page=2
52
How did we get to 5 days?
1850 – British Factory Act – limited the working week for women and children to a 12-hour day on weekdays
1878 – number of hours worked was cut to 56 for women and children
1930’s – the 2-day weekend was standard in the United Kingdom
1926 – Henry Ford (anti-union) closed factories on weekends to boost sales of automobiles
WWII – Clothing sector was heavily Jewish – among the first US industries to adopt 2-day weekend.
http://www.readersdigest.com.au/history-of-work?page=3#sthash.2yeRGXAK.dpuf
53
So where are we now?
Service/Knowledge Economy
Doesn’t produce anything
Banking
Retail
Consulting
Software development
Occurred with advent of computing technology and the Internet
Hand in hand with globalization and out-sourcing
Source: Harrington, Ch . 6
55
We have become an Information Economy
60% of U.S. jobs are information intensive
https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkoetsier/2020/03/20/58-of-american-knowledge-workers-are-now-working-remotely/?sh=6f619b673303
57
Role of technology
Automation – created new types of jobs that required more knowledge than the jobs that were replaced
Computers changed job expectations (e.g., secretary, managers)
Image source: http://media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/2b/91/07/2b9107f1b65e0fe7159a203c7daa1a0c
58
Work-life balance
US ranked 28th in work-life balance among 37 countries (OECD, 2019)
Our perceptions:
Working more hours
Accessible 24/7
Multitasking
High stress levels
Long commuting times
https://www.statista.com/chart/12977/countries-with-the-best-work-life-balance/
59
‹#›
https://www.statista.com/chart/12977/countries-with-the-best-work-life-balance/
60
https://www.statista.com/chart/12449/who-works-the-most-hours-every-year/
61
Telecommuting (2020)
https://www.oberlo.com/blog/remote-work-statistics
65
Pros of telecommuting
http://under30ceo.com/pros-and-cons-of-telecommuting/ http://www.globalworkplaceanalytics.com/pros-cons https://engage.umuc.edu/docs/DOC-4506
66
Greater productivity, no distractions (average American workers wastes 2 hours and 5 minutes each day)
Improved worker morale, overall job satisfaction
Decreased strain on infrastructure
Improved GNP, reduce national debt
Saved companies money
Reduced dependence on oil
Reduces carbon emissions by 51 metric tons/year (associated with global warming)
More flexible staffing options
Provides accommodations for those with disabilities per ADA
Time wasted on a commute
Roundtrip Commute (min) Hours per Year 40-hour Weeks per year
20 80 2
40 160 4
60 240 6
80 320 8
100 400 10
120 480 12
https://engage.umuc.edu/docs/DOC-4506
67
Cons of telecommuting
Loss of routine
Lack of interaction with colleagues
Lack of oversight
Management mistrust
Worker isolation
Data security
Summary
Work has been fundamentally altered because of technology
Technology has logarithmically changed the pace of work
Work has shifted away from physical labor and the every day need to subsist to knowledge/information work and a lifestyle that affords leisure
Important question – has technology made man unnecessary in the workforce? What are the implications?
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