lab report assistant

Must be done by tommorrow afternoon, 3:00 p.m. Need help for my lab practicals

Tissues, Organs, and Homeostasis

Margaret E. Vorndam, M.S. Version 42-0131-00-01

Lab RepoRt assistant

This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor.

obseRvations

Data Table 1: Data Recorded from Homeostasis Exercise
Body Temperature, °F or °C	Heart Beats per Minute	Rate of Respiration Inhalations per Minute	Other Observations
Before exercise, T0 = 0 minutes
After exercise T1 = 10 minutes
T2 = 15 minutes
T3 = 20 minutes
T4 = 25 minutes
T5 = 30 minutes

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Exercise 1: Homeostasis

ResuLts

A. Describe what changes you observed in the subject between the pre-exercise and the post- exercise states.

B. How long did it take for the subject’s measurements to return to the pre-exercise states?

C. Are these changes that you expected to happen?

D. If results are available from someone else’s trial or you are able to repeat the exercise with

a different subject, compare those results with yours. What differences do you find? How might

you explain these differences?

Questions

A. Describe what systems in the subject’s body actively participated in homeostatic changes to allow it to perform this exercise.

B. Exactly what kinds of activity did each system undertake to compensate for the subject’s exercise, and enable him/her to perform it?

C. Why do you believe the subject’s body made these adjustments?

D. What did you learn from this exercise?

Exercise 2: Epithelial Cells

ResuLts

A. What observations did you make about your skin when viewed under the hand lens? Were you able to locate the “slough” layer of cells? What is the purpose of this layer?

B. Why can you consider skin to be like hide on another animal?

C. When you viewed the microscope slides, what similarities did you observe between the prepared slide and the wet-mount slide?

D. How were the two slides different?

E. Where in the body will you find each type of epithelial cell that you observe on the prepared slide? Hint: Epithelial cells that contain cilia tend to be found where absorption is important and where “flushing” to remove foreign objects is necessary.

F. Why are mouth lining scrapings used for DNA analysis in forensic testing?

G. How does your epidermal layer differ from that of other animals such as dogs and cats? How is it the same?

Exercise 3: Neurological Function

Questions

A. What is the purpose of nerve cells?

B. How does their function differ from that of the endocrine system?

C. What type of nerve cell is represented in the prepared slide smear? Motor, sensory or interneuron? How do you know?

D. Where would you expect to find the most nerve tissue in your body? Why?

E. Where might you find the least amount of nerve tissue? Why?

Exercise 4: Muscular System

ResuLts

A. Describe the characteristics of each type of muscle. How are they the same? How are they different? Why are they different?

B. Does the wet mount of the beef bone muscle tissue appear similar to any of the prepared slide muscles? Which one? Why is it similar to this type of muscle? What is its function?

A. What type of muscle is represented by:

a. A beef roast – b. A beef heart –

c. A beef tongue –

d. Tripe –

e. Chicken drumstick – f. Fish fillet –

B. Why do muscle tissue types vary in cell makeup?

Exercise 5: The Skeletal System

ResuLts

A. Where would you find a beef “knucklebone” in a cow’s body? What structure is analogous in a human body?

B. What are the roles of the various structures found in bone?

C. How does the prepared slide of bone differ from the photo of the osteoporitic bone?

Questions

A. Why is bone health so critical?

B. What factors govern bone health?

C. Older people, particularly women that are post-menopausal, suffer from bone loss. What advice could you give a senior person to help her or him maintain the health of their bones as they age?

Exercise 6: Summary Activity

ResuLts

A. In the diagram, which body systems are absolutely essential for a human to live?

B. Are there any system(s) we can lack and still survive without their operation?

C. Are there system(s) that humans have that are NOT portrayed in the diagram above? What are their functions? Are they necessary for life?

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D. Which system(s) could be considered to be the body’s “communication” system(s)?

E. Which systems could be considered to be the body’s “transportation” system(s)?

Questions

A. How does the body thermoregulate? What specific biochemical mechanisms are involved?

B. What specific waste products are produced by the body and how are they removed?

C. How do habits such as smoking and heavy drinking affect the body? Why are the effects reversible if the habit stops?

D. Choose one system to investigate further. Go to Medline Plus online at

http://www.nlm.nih.

gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html and locate the system in their directory. Explore one disorder of this system that can occur. Outline its symptoms, its effect, and what is currently known about treatment. How does this disorder impact homeostasis in the victim? (NOTE: If a secondary web link does not work, choose another system/topic.) Place your report here:

LaboRatoRy summaRy

What have you learned from doing this laboratory that you did not know before you began it?

Cell Membrane Transport

Hands-On Labs, Inc. Version 42-0034-00-01

Lab RepoRt assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor.

Exercise 1: Diffusion through an Artificial Membrane

obseRvations

Data Table 1: Changes During Dialysis
Color	Before Dialysis	After Dialysis
Solution in cup 1
Solution in dialysis tubing

Data Table 2: Benedict’s Reagent Results
Color of Solution	Before Heating	After Heating
IKI solution in cup 1
Solution in dialysis bag in cup 2
	Distilled water

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Questions

A. What is the purpose of this exercise? What is being tested?

B. What color change did you observe in the dialysis tubing? What does that change indicate? C. Was there a color change in the water surrounding the tubing? If so, explain.

D. What color change did you observe in the water containing the IKI after heating? What does that change indicate?

E. What does the Benedict’s reagent detect? F. What does the IKI solution detect?

G. In what way is a cell membrane similar to the model cell made of dialysis tubing?

H. Is the transport mechanism in the model cell passive or active? Why?

Exercise 2: Diffusion at different temperatures

obseRvations

Data Table 3: Diffusion of KMnO4 at Various Temperatures and Times
Temperature inside cup	Color of Water
0 min	5 min

Questions

A. How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

B. State a general hypothesis to cover how temperature affects rate of diffusion

Exercise 3: Tonicity and Diffusion

obseRvations

Distilled water

Data Table 4: Potato Dimensions.

Potato

Before Osmosis

(L × W) cm

After Osmosis

(L × W) cm

Tonicity

Hypertonic, Isotonic, or

Hypotonic

10% Sodium Chloride

Questions

A. What is the condition of each potato strip after soaking in the test tubes for an hour? Which one is limp and which one is crisp?

B. How would you explain the difference in the conditions of the potato strips using the concept of tonicity?

C. What was the tonicity of the fresh water solution with respect to the potato cells? D. What was the tonicity of the salt water solution with respect to the potato cells?

E. How do the changes in the conditions of the potato strips relate to the wilting of plants?

F. How does keeping vegetables cool slow them from wilting?

Cardiovascular System: The Heart

Laszlo Vass, Ed.D. Version 42-0006-06-01

Lab RepoRt assistant

This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate student’s writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor

puRpose

Explain why you did this exercise. Where there any safety precautions you needed to follow? If so, what were they?

Exercise 1: Microscopic Anatomy of Cardiac Muscle

obseRvations

Sketch and label your slide in the space provided. Include a description of the structures you observed on the slide.

Questions

A. What are some unique structural features of cardiac muscle?

B. What are intercalated discs and what do they do?

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C. Why does cardiac muscle have to be both elastic and strong?

D. Which of the three layers of the heart did the tissue used to make your slide originate from?

Exercise 2: The Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits Questions A. Trace the flow of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Begin in the right atrium

and end in the superior/inferior vena cava. Be sure to list every vessel, heart chamber, and heart

valve the blood flows through.

B. Explain what you learned from the online human heart dissection.

Exercise 3: Sheep Heart Dissection/Cat Heart

Dissection and Comparison

Questions

A. Compare the structure of the fetal pig heart and sheep heart. How are they similar? How are they different?

B. Why is the heart referred to as a double pump?

C. There are four valves in the heart. Name each valve, list its location and give its function.

D. Compare the left and right sides of the dissected heart. What differences do you see?

E. Compare and contrast the functions of the atria and the ventricles.

F. Where is the myocardium located?

G. How does the heart supply blood to its own cells?

Macromolecules of Life

Hands-On Labs, Inc. Version 42-0085-00-01

Lab RepoRt assistant

Exercise 1: Testing for Proteins

Data Table 1: Biuret results.
Substance Tested	Predicted Results	Biuret Color & Number of drops added
1: Egg white
2: Pepsin
3: Sugar
4: Distilled water

Questions

A. Which of the test tubes are the positive and negative controls? B. What conclusions can be made about this experiment?

C. How might biuret reagent be used in a practical real-life situation? D. How did the predicted results compare to the actual results?

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Exercise 2: Testing for Sugars

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Predicted Results

Data Table 2: Benedict’s Reagent Results.
Test Sample	Benedict’s results
#1 Glucose
#2 Starch
# 3 Onion juice
#4 Distilled Water

Questions

A. Which of the test tubes are used as the positive and negative controls? B. How did the predicted results compare to the actual results?

C. What can be concluded from this experiment?

D. How might Benedict’s reagent test be used in a practical real-life situation?

Exercise 3: Testing for Starch

obseRvations

A. Write a hypothesis about whether a potato or onion has the most starch.

	Observations Table: Exercise 3
A. View of potato under pocket microscope. Magnification =
B. View of potato cells with IKI. Magnification =

Observations Table: Exercise 3

A. View of onion cells without IKI. Magnification =

B. View of onion cells with IKI. Magnification =

Questions

A. Which vegetable has the most starch?

B. What is the purpose of starch in vegetables? Hint: What is the function of stored sugar?

C. How might the IKI reagent test be used in a practical real-life situation?

D. Did the results differ from your hypothesis? Explain.

Exercise 4: Testing for Lipids

obseRvations

Data Table 3: Lipid test results.
Macromolecule Being Tested	Hypothesis: contain lipid or not	Results from test
Potato
Onion
Oil
dH2O

Questions

A. What is the test substance?

B. Which test represents the control?

C. Which test contained the most test substance?

D. Did the results agree with the initial hypothesis in every case? Explain why or not.

Exercise 5: Making Mayonnaise

ConCLusions

A. If you were given a piece of hot dog and a piece of carrot, using what you learned in these exercises, how would you analyze the composition of these materials?

B. What classes of compounds are present in living organisms that are not tested for in this exercise?

Human Genetics

Margaret E. Vorndam, M.S.

Version 42-0068-00-01

Lab RepoRt assistant

This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate student’s writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor

obseRvations

Data Table 1: Single-gene Traits of a Selected Population

Subject # >

Total

XX Female

XY Male

FF,Ff = unattached

ff = attached

RR,Rr = roller

rr = can’t roll

SS,Ss = straight thumb

ss = bent thumb

MM,Mm = hair

mm = no hair

TT,Tt = left on top

tt = right on top

LL,Ll = two tendons

ll = three tendons

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Exercise 1: Patterns in Human Inheritance Traits

Questions

A. What observations can be made about the collected and charted data?

B. Are any two people exactly the same? If so, how closely are they related?

C. Is your hypothesis supported by the findings? What statistical tool might help you to make this decision?

D. In the totals that you recorded in Table 1, did you find that the number of dominant phenotypes were greater than, equal to, or less than the recessive phenotypes?

E. Can you explain what possible genotypes are suggested by this pattern? Does this vary by trait?

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F. Would you expect this outcome? Why or why not?

G. How would changing the level of the mapped traits affect the chart? For instance, if the alleles for male or female were on the outer rim of the chart, rather than in the middle, how would the pattern observed differ from Figure 10-1?

H. List several other traits that humans have that are governed by genetics.

I. Would your data vary if you went to another part of the world, for instance, China?

J. Why might collected data show different patterns for different cultural populations?

K. Would you expect that the pattern would be different if collected 100 years ago instead of today? Why or why not?

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L. If you had percentages of dominant and recessive genes present for the total number of alleles of a trait for the entire world, would you expect that percentage to change over 100 years? Why or why not?

Exercise 2: Human Chromosomes and the Human

Genome Project

ResuLts

Report on your findings. Your report should be limited to a page in length and may incorporate the outline of research points above.

Questions

A. What is the purpose of this exercise?

B. What is the prognosis on genetic diseases in the future? Do you believe that microsurgery to “fix” chromosomal aberrations will some day prevent the diseases that are listed in the List of Genetically Mediated Diseases in Humans?

LaboRatoRy summaRy

What have you learned from doing this laboratory?

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