Module 3: Downtown Development

 

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One of the dominant strategies in downtown development is to draw visitors (and/or residents) into the city. Cities have used a predictable playbook: constructing convention centers, stadiums, festival malls, etc. and using financial inducements (usually tax breaks) to draw in business partners. Examples from Memphis include Cook Convention Center, Redbirds/Forum, and Crosstown Concourse. Do you think this strategy has benefitted Memphis and which Memphians have or have not benefitted?  Has it been effective in drawing visitors and/or residents? Why or why not? If you don’t live in Memphis, consider some examples of downtown development in your area and apply these questions. Please provide examples and evidence from the readings and films to support your arguments. 

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1

MODULE

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Seminar in Urban Problems

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University of Memphis
Department of Public &

Nonprofit Administration

Edwards & Imrie (2015)
Chapters 5 & 6

3

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CHAPTER 5: COMMUNITY
PLANNING AND PARTNERSHIP

Edwards & Imrie (2015) The Short Guide to Urban Policy

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  • Community Planning and Partnership
  •  Renew/improve cities through
    community engagement

     How do to it?

    Note: Reminder that several parts of this book discuss urban policy
    outside of the U.S. Most of the examples in this chapter focus on
    community-based urban policy in the United Kingdom (UK).

    PADM 7224
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    Community Planning and Partnership
    Defining Community

     What is community?
     Complex term with socially constructed boundaries
     Often seen as positive concept – used by policy-

    makers to spur change (e.g., “there is a breakdown in
    our community, so we need to act)

     4 common conceptualizations:
     Community as a place/geography (e.g., Memphis)
     Community as an interest group (e.g., Black

    community)
     Community organizations (e.g., nonprofits)
     Community as process (e.g., community development)

    PADM 7224
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    Community Planning and Partnership
    Community & the Urban Problem

     ~19th century urbanization was described as
    antithesis of “community”
     Conceptualization of the urban “community” was

    different than the rural “community”
     Urban policy typically targets “communities” to

    encourage citizens to participate in urban
    regeneration, or create “community”

     Shift in urban policy from social community
    regeneration (prior late 1970s) to economic
    community regeneration (post late 1970s)

    PADM 7224
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    Community Planning and Partnership
    Reinvigorating Community in the 1990s

     Communitarianism – idea that collective
    bonds with those around us are
    important to prevent social exclusion,
    which leads to urban decline

     Build social capital – linkages that
    connect people – to build urban renewal

     Communities should be given the
    responsibility to drive change

    SOCIAL CAPITAL PRIMER

    PADM 7224
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    Community Planning and Partnership
    Putting Community Activation into Practice

     Community-based urban policy changes
    governance – private (for-profit and non-
    profit) organizations have more seats at the
    governing table

     Level of community-involvement can vary
    substantially from policy to policy – from
    “add-ons” to “key partners”

     All communities (neighborhoods) do not
    have the existing expertise, knowledge, or
    ability to engage in policy-making

    PADM 7224
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    Community Planning and Partnership
    Critiquing Community Involvement in Regeneration

     Unanswered questions –
     Is community involvement in policy-making

    simply tokenism by government or is it of
    actual value?

     Is the policy implemented with the level of
    community involvement intended in the
    spirit of the policy?

    PADM 7224
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    Community Planning and Partnership
    Critiquing Community Involvement in Regeneration

     Looking for answers –
     Who represents the community?
     “Community” as conceptualized by policy-makers and

    implementers often differs from those living in the
    community

     Who sets the rules for participation?
     Policy-makers (city or broader) often continue to

    create the top-down rules for engagement
     How is power distributed in community

    partnerships?
     “Expert” knowledge tends to be prioritized over

    “localized” knowledge

    PADM 7224
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    Privatization & Entrepreneurial Urban Policy
    Web Links

     British Library – Community
    Development and Regeneration
     https://www.bl.uk/social-

    welfare/collection-
    items?allportalsubjects=community%20de
    velopment%20and%20regeneration

    https://www.bl.uk/social-welfare/collection-items?allportalsubjects=community%20development%20and%20regeneration

    PADM 7224
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    CHAPTER 6: CULTURE & THE
    CREATIVE CITY

    Edwards & Imrie (2015) The Short Guide to Urban Policy

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  • Culture & the Creative City
  •  Key to modern urban policy is promoting
    the city’s culture and creativity to improve
    well-being (economic and social)
     Festivals, sport facilities and events, “place-

    marketing”
     General idea – cultural strategies lead to

    economic development
     Critical question – who benefits from this

    policy and what who does the policy attract
    to the city?

    PADM 7224
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    Culture & the Creative City:
    Origins of Culture-Led Urban Policy & Regen

     Growing trend since late 20th century to
    market/promote culture to grow the city

     For many it was a part of a “reinventing”
    process after loss of manufacturing
    industry – adapting to a post-industrial
    world

     Challenged traditional urban planning with
    a shot of innovation

     New “cultural” industries (i.e., the arts) to
    attract – fashion, design, music, film, etc.

    PADM 7224
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    Culture & the Creative City:
    Origins of Culture-Led Urban Policy & Regen
     Florida’s “Creative Class” (2002)
     General idea – to thrive cities need to

    attract new class of educated
    professionals who work in post-
    industrial tech, knowledge, and
    cultural industries; to attract them
    cities need to cater to their
    “bohemian” lifestyle (three “T’s”)

     Highly influential, but controversial
     Blamed for (or contributed to) large

    influx of gentrification and increasing
    inequality in the 21st century city

     U.S counties by “creativity index”

    Creative Class Group Home

    https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/oct/26/gentrification-richard-florida-interview-creative-class-new-urban-crisis

    https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/creative-class-county-codes/

    PADM 7224
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    Culture & the Creative City:
    Deploying Culture: Strategies & Practices

     Not one specific “cultural promotion”
    policy, multiple initiatives and strategies

     Culture defined as art vs. culture defined as
    society – different policy approaches

     Typical goal is that these policies lead to
    economic consumption (e.g., coffee shops,
    shopping/retail, nightlife, etc.) and vibrant
    public spaces
     Typically creates neighborhood pockets

    (“cultural quarters” – see figure 6.7, p. 162)
     Culture and fads change, is it sustainable?

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    Culture & the Creative City:
    Deploying Culture: Strategies & Practices

     Flagship urban development
     Revitalizing urban areas with large

    construction and architecture projects (such as
    inner city, waterfront, etc.)

     “…even the most landlocked cities have done
    their best to find some sort of waterfront” (p.
    163)

     Place-marketing (“re-branding”)
     Promote distinctive cultural features that set

    apart the city, attract investment
     Brand decay? Does the image represent all

    local identities?

    PADM 7224
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    Culture & the Creative City:
    Deploying Culture: Strategies & Practices

     Cultural Events and Festivals
     Large-scale, short-term events that attract

    tourism and investment
     Also used to increase concept of

    “community”, improve social bonds, and
    reduce social exclusion

     Example – Memphis in May
     Example – soccer stadium in Chester, PA
     Competitive example – Olympic Games

    bidding process

    Home

    Ten years later, is Chester better now with a soccer stadium?

    https://www.olympic.org/all-about-the-candidature-process

    PADM 7224
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    Culture & the Creative City:
    Debating Culture-led Urban Policy

     What much weight should we put into
    cultural-led regeneration efforts?
     Exists a knowledge gap in actual impact –

    both economic and social
     Further exploration needed in trickle-down

    effects and sustainability of efforts
     Multiple different types of strategies (i.e.,

    policies) that fall within this “bucket” with
    multiple different outcomes

    PADM 7224
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    Culture & the Creative City:
    Debating Culture-led Urban Policy

    “The evidence shows that community-
    based participatory cultural projects are
    likely to be far more beneficial in
    sustaining urban regeneration, but in the
    eyes of city marketers and management,
    such projects are less glamorous and
    unlikely to project a city onto the world
    stage.” (p. 170)

    PADM 7224
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    Culture & the Creative City:
    Debating Culture-led Urban Policy

     Whose culture is being promoted?
     Tension between successful cultural

    marketing (what attracts economic
    development) and real social inclusion
    (what brings all people together)

     Not always mutually exclusive, but can be
     Political power struggles lie at the center of

    this question

    PADM 7224
    21

    Culture & the Creative City:
    Debating Culture-led Urban Policy

     Does cultural marketing eventually result
    in “sameness” promotion?
     All cities are promoting the same type of

    cultural regeneration which “homogenizes
    urban environments”

     Fast policy transfer – X policy worked in City A
    so why can’t it work in City B; flawed logic

     Florida’s creative class thesis neglects
    importance of city context in policymaking
    and implementation

    PADM 7224
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    Culture & the Creative City:
    Web Links

     Charles Landry (prolific author on
    creative cities
     https://charleslandry.com/about-charles-

    landry/biography/

     Urban Studies Special Issue on Culture-
    led Regeneration
     https://journals.sagepub.com/toc/usja/42/

    5-6

    https://charleslandry.com/about-charles-landry/biography/

    https://journals.sagepub.com/toc/usja/42/5-6

    • Edwards & Imrie (2015)�Chapters 5 & 6
    • Chapter 5: Community Planning and Partnership
    • Community Planning and Partnership

    • Community Planning and Partnership�Defining Community
    • Community Planning and Partnership�Community & the Urban Problem
    • Community Planning and Partnership�Reinvigorating Community in the 1990s
    • Community Planning and Partnership�Putting Community Activation into Practice
    • Community Planning and Partnership�Critiquing Community Involvement in Regeneration
    • Community Planning and Partnership�Critiquing Community Involvement in Regeneration

    • Privatization & Entrepreneurial Urban Policy Web Links
    • Chapter 6: Culture & the Creative City
    • Culture & the Creative City

    • Culture & the Creative City:�Origins of Culture-Led Urban Policy & Regen
    • Culture & the Creative City:�Origins of Culture-Led Urban Policy & Regen

    • Culture & the Creative City:�Deploying Culture: Strategies & Practices
    • Culture & the Creative City:�Deploying Culture: Strategies & Practices
      Culture & the Creative City:�Deploying Culture: Strategies & Practices

    • Culture & the Creative City:�Debating Culture-led Urban Policy
    • Culture & the Creative City:�Debating Culture-led Urban Policy
      Culture & the Creative City:�Debating Culture-led Urban Policy
      Culture & the Creative City:�Debating Culture-led Urban Policy

    • Culture & the Creative City: �Web Links

    PADM 7

    2

    24
    1

    MODULE

    Seminar in Urban Problems

    PADM 7224

    University of Memphis
    Department of Public &

    Nonprofit Administration

    Euchner & McGovern (2003)
    Chapter 2 – Poverty & the

    Divided Metropolis

    2

    PADM 7224
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  • Poverty & the Divided Metropolis
  •  Poverty – “lack of adequate provisions
    for the basic necessities for living
    established by society” to be an active
    and contributing member of society
     “Basic necessities” is debatable – universal

    medical care is a constant debate in the U.S.
     Absolute standard (what needed to get by)

    vs. relative standard (what needed to have
    fair footing with others)

    PADM 7224
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    Poverty & the Divided Metropolis

     Summarized impact of poverty:
     “But the effects of poverty ripple out beyond

    impoverished households and touch the lives of
    virtually all urban residents. When poverty
    rises, many other issues are affected…crime
    rate goes up…decay and abandonment of
    housing… strains on the public school
    system…tax revenues fall…communities that
    suffer disinvestment and depopulation
    experience a weakening in the bonds of civil
    society…class and racial segregation follow, as
    more affluent people distance themselves from
    poor communities.“ (p. 35-36)

    PADM 7224
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    Poverty & the Divided Metropolis

     Urban policy has traditionally
    contributed to segregation in the city
    between the poor and affluent or middle
    class

     Poverty is everywhere – cities, suburbs,
    and rural areas; concentrated poverty is
    most evident in cities

    PADM 7224
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    Poverty & the Divided Metropolis:
    Measuring Poverty

     Central to the story is Mollie Orshansky,
    “Miss Poverty”
     Poverty line calculation developed in the U.S.

    Social Security Administration in 1963
     Same measure of poverty is used today

     Criticisms of the poverty line calculation
     Doesn’t consider “in-kind” benefits received by

    the poor (e.g., Medicaid)
     Out of touch with today’s economy –

    calculation relies heavily on food costs which
    are only one-sixth of the typical family budget
    today

    https://www.ssa.gov/history/orshansky.html

    PADM 7224
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    Poverty & the Divided Metropolis:
    Measuring Poverty

     Why continue to use a 60-year-old poverty
    line calculation?
     Lack of political support – new calculation

    would likely drastically increase the aid needed
    to be delivered

     New calculation would likely make U.S. income
    inequality look even worse a global stage

     Easier to track changes when using the same
    calculation

     Poor neighborhoods have better access to
    material benefits in modern America (e.g.,
    cell phones) – but typically less social
    capital than previous generations

    PADM 7224
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    Poverty & the Divided Metropolis:
    Dimensions of Poverty in the U.S.

    https://www.brookings.edu/testimonies/the-changing-geography-of-us-poverty/

    https://www.brookings.edu/testimonies/the-changing-geography-of-us-poverty/

    PADM 7224
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    Poverty & the Divided Metropolis:
    Dimensions of Poverty in the U.S.

     Working poor – contributing to the labor
    market but not earning enough income to
    raise above the poverty line
     Typical sectors/jobs include retail, restaurant

    service industry, custodial, maintenance,
    medical care, many others…

     Disproportionally minority populations
     Combat working poverty – growing

    support for a Living Wage vs. a minimum
    wage that doesn’t keep up with costs of
    living to

    https://livingwage.mit.edu/

    PADM 7224
    9

    Poverty & the Divided Metropolis:
    Causes of Poverty

     Identifying factors that contribute to
    poverty from different levels of analysis
     Individual – lack of education, poor access to

    jobs, medical conditions, alcohol and drug use
     Family/Community – unstable home

    environment; lack of parental role models;
    perpetual “culture of poverty”

     Economy/Society – structure of capitalism
    inevitably creates inequality and a poverty
    class; racial discrimination hinders ability of
    minorities to rise out of poverty

     Government – public policies either enable or
    hinder ability to rise out of poverty

    PADM 7224
    10

    Poverty & the Divided Metropolis:
    The Evolution of the Welfare State

     Government benefits/entitlements for
    certain groups/classes originated with
    pensions for Revolutionary War veterans

     Local governments focused on public
    assistance for poor in their area to foster
    sense of “community”

     Industrial Revolution escalated challenges
    of urbanism, including poverty; state
    governments began to get involved with
    public program

    PADM 7224
    11

    Poverty & the Divided Metropolis:
    The Evolution of the Welfare State
     Catalyst for federal government involvement

    was the 1929 stock market crash, but at a slow
    pace

     FDR’s New Deal (1933-1939) established
    multiple social

    programs

    to benefit
    unemployed and poor
     “people entered into a kind of social contract with

    the government: in return for work or other
    commitments, they got benefits” (p. 69)

     Social Security Act of 1935 established old-age
    pension – drastically reduced and prevented
    elder poverty – and system of unemployment
    insurance

    PADM 7224
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    Poverty & the Divided Metropolis:
    The Evolution of the Welfare State

     Truman (late 40’s, early 50’s) – expanded
    Social Security, established minimum
    wage, legislation for public housing, and
    the GI Bill

     LBJ’s Great Society (1964-68) – landmark
    legislation that focused on extending
    access to basic rights for minorities and
    disadvantaged; reduced poverty
     Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act, Open

    Housing Act
     Entitlement programs – food stamps,

    Medicare, Medicaid, WIC, Head Start, etc.

    PADM 7224
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    Poverty & the Divided Metropolis:
    The Evolution of the Welfare State

     Nixon (1970s) – expanded social welfare safety
    net
     COLA to Social Security; Blind and disabled

    assistance at federal level; Job programs (CETA);
    Affirmative action policies

     Growing support for conservative scholars in
    the 1970s (including controversial Charles
    Murray, see AEI and SPLC) who argued against a
    welfare state and any benefit of such

     Regan (1980s) – “replace the carrot of work
    incentives with the sticks of work
    requirements”

    Charles Murray

    https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/charles-murray

    PADM 7224
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    Poverty & the Divided Metropolis:
    The Evolution of the Welfare State

     Welfare reform in the 1990s
     Bush and Clinton granted state waivers to alter

    their AFDC programs (“laboratories of
    democracy”)

     Tighter eligibility restrictions, shorter
    timeframes, work requirements, penalties for
    failure to comply

     Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity
    Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA)
     Idea was to shift from dependency to self-reliance
     Replaced AFDC with block-grant-based TANF
     Shifted power to states to create own welfare

    programs

    PADM 7224
    15

    Poverty & the Divided Metropolis:
    Evaluating Welfare Reform

     What defines success of welfare reform?
     Primary measure used – reduction in families

    receiving assistance (caseload declines)
     Reform caused sharp decline in caseloads
     Have those families really transitioned out of

    poverty?
     Some studies suggest employment is high for

    those who left welfare, yet wages are still
    below poverty line

     Success depends on one’s interpretation of
    the goal of reform

     Different outcomes in different states

    PADM 7224
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    Poverty & the Divided Metropolis:
    Future of Welfare Policy

     States look to each other for innovative reform
    ideas and best practices (Wisconsin’s W-2) –
    think policy transfer or policy diffusion

     “… to reduce welfare dependency and poverty
    over the long run, the emphasis on personal
    responsibility must be coupled with a broader
    sense of public obligation” (p. 89)

     Policy suggestions – increase support service
    for people with minimal skills; reconsider
    lifetime limits; reconsider limits on education
    and job-training; reconsider restricted eligibility

     Urban welfare reform requires coupling with
    economic development

    https://dcf.wisconsin.gov/w2/parents/w2

    https://poliscizurich.wordpress.com/2010/10/18/what-is-policy-diffusion-and-why-should-we-care/:%7E:text=Policy%20diffusion%20(the%20idea%20that,this%20area%20is%20Craig%20Volden.

    PADM 7224
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    Poverty & the Divided Metropolis:
    Future of Welfare Policy

     What will be the lasting impact of the
    COVID-19 pandemic on welfare policy?
     Center for Budget and Policy Priorities

    (CBPP) COVID Hardship Watch
     Urban Institute COVID-19 Policies to Protect

    People and Communities
     World Economic Forum – COVID-19 could

    change the welfare state forever
     Chicago Tribune – About 6 months in, will

    the COVID-19 pandemic change Americans’
    views of the social safety net?

    https://www.cbpp.org/research/poverty-and-inequality/tracking-the-covid-19-recessions-effects-on-food-housing-and

    https://www.urban.org/features/covid-19-policies-protect-people-and-communities#chapter-1

    https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/06/coronavirus-welfare-state-covid19/

    https://www.chicagotribune.com/coronavirus/ct-nw-american-social-safety-net-coronavirus-20200813-hx3iliwk5nhfjpyuan5tt5kjp4-story.html

    • Euchner & McGovern (2003)�Chapter 2 – Poverty & the Divided Metropolis
    • Poverty & the Divided Metropolis
      Poverty & the Divided Metropolis
      Poverty & the Divided Metropolis

    • Poverty & the Divided Metropolis: Measuring Poverty
    • Poverty & the Divided Metropolis: Measuring Poverty

    • Poverty & the Divided Metropolis: Dimensions of Poverty in the U.S.
    • Poverty & the Divided Metropolis: Dimensions of Poverty in the U.S.

    • Poverty & the Divided Metropolis: �Causes of Poverty
    • Poverty & the Divided Metropolis: �The Evolution of the Welfare State
    • Poverty & the Divided Metropolis: �The Evolution of the Welfare State
      Poverty & the Divided Metropolis: �The Evolution of the Welfare State
      Poverty & the Divided Metropolis: �The Evolution of the Welfare State
      Poverty & the Divided Metropolis: �The Evolution of the Welfare State

    • Poverty & the Divided Metropolis: �Evaluating Welfare Reform
    • Poverty & the Divided Metropolis: �Future of Welfare Policy
    • Poverty & the Divided Metropolis: �Future of Welfare Policy

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