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Topic: There is an outbreak of swine flu in Australia. As a health professional, you decide to create an emergency box at home with things that might help protect you and your family. Choose six objects to put in the box providing suitable evidence of why they would be effective. You might for example, choose one or more medications.
The swine flu is a type of influenza that is normally spread from infected person to non-infected person. The major symptoms of swine flu are fever, dehydration, and upper respiratory symptoms. There are two main modes of transmission of swine flu: (1) one is through the airborne route which people breathe in infected droplets that swine patients have expelled through sneezing or coughing. (2) It is also spread by direct contact with the swine flu patient’s mucus (Webber 2009, p. 147-148). Unfortunately, there is an outbreak of swine flu in Australia. Therefore, I follow the main symptoms and transmission pathways to make an emergency box at home. Preventing spread of infectious disease is everyone’s duty. Preventive measures are implemented to reduce the risk of the swine flu infection and swine flu transmission at home. If one of family members suffers from swine flu, I would separate the infected member and his close contact from us. Thus, this essay will discuss what the pandemic is and which the six objects are included P2 (N95) mask, alcohol-based hand rub, chemical disinfectants, medical thermometer, vitamin D pills, and air purifier in the emergency box which would help to protect my family and me against the swine flu effectively.
PART A: Objects chosen
In 2009, the serious global outbreak of H1N1 Swine flu caused the pandemic infection. The pandemic is an outbreak of a disease spreading quickly among many people across a large area or worldwide. The pandemic diseases normally transmit efficiently among people. Therefore, the rate of morbidity and mortality rate are higher than the expectation normally (Ryan 2009, p. 6). Besides, the pandemic diseases not only disrupt social activities around the world but also affect economic activities.The higher hospitalization rate and the improvement of health care services for the pandemic diseases raise cost to economy for government(Nguyen-Van-Tama &Hampsonb 2003, p. 1766).The pandemics end when most of the population have been exposed to disease or the people have been developed a subclinical infection that rendered the immune system to the disease (Ryan 2009, p. 6). Thus, I would put the P2 (N95) mask, alcohol-based hand rub,chemical disinfectants, medical thermometer, vitamin D pills, and air purifier into the emergency box to protect my family under the outbreak of swine flu in Australia.
Firstly, the P2 (N95) masks provide protection against swine flu.It not only keeps the wearer from pathogen through the airborne route but also protects the wearer from contacting with contamination of body fluids like nasal or oral secretion(Department of Health and Ageing 2006, p.15). It is because the transmission of swine flu is via the airborne route through patients’ coughing or sneezing or via the direct contact with the patients’ mucus.Thus, the P2 masks protect my family and me against the swine flu through community and social contact (Webber 2009, p. 148).
Secondly, alcohol-based hand rub also improves the hand hygiene of my family. It is because the alcohol-based products can kill the pathogenic micro-organisms like the swine flu virus from the hand before or after the physical contact. It not only prevents the transference of micro-organisms through touching with contaminated people hands or articles but also prevents people with contaminated hands that transfer the micro-organisms to other people and articles (Worsley et al. 1994, p. 6). My family reduces the potentially pathogenic organisms on their hands by using alcohol-based hand rub.Besides, the alcohol-based hand rub is more convenience and safer than hand washing with soap and water. After the hand washing, my family hands may be contaminated by using the towel to dry their hands or touching the faucet handle(Kennamer2007, p. 73). Thus, the alcohol-based hand rub can clean the people without using the water at home and also reduce the risk of contaminant after hand washing.
Thirdly, chemical disinfectants like bleach can clean the environment surfaces at home. It is because some of the swine flu virus attached on the floor and frequently touched surfaces like faucet handle or telephones. My family and I can live in the non-influenza area after using bleach to clean the living environment twice a day (Pratt 2009, p. 20). It is because the disinfectants can destroy swine flu virus and arrest their growth. Thus, chemical disinfectants help to sterilize the surfaces that are contaminated by the oral and nasal secretion. My family would be safe due to reduce the risk of swine flu transmission(Soule, Larson & Preston 1995, p. 136-137).
Fourthly, I would like to put the medical thermometer into the emergency box. Since the major symptom of swine flu is fever, my family and I can measure the body temperature twice a day or feel warm for the touch with medical thermometer. It helps to observe whether my family member and I are diagnosed with the swine flu or not (Chin 2000, p. 270). If one of the family member is suspected with fever and other upper respiratory symptoms, we isolate this family member at a well-ventilated room and use the disinfectants to sterilize the environment surface. Moreover, this family member is advised to drink extra fluids so as to prevent dehydration and send him to hospital when observing the fever symptom through the medical thermometer (Webber 2009, p. 148).
Fifthly, the vitamin D pills help my family against swine flu. According to Cannellet al. (2006) report that the people who suffer from the vitamin D deficiency, have a higher rate of respiratory diseases like the influenza. The function of vitamin D not only maintains the blood level of calcium but also enhances the immune response against the respiratory pathogen like influenza virus and inhibits the pulmonary inflammation response(Hughes & Norton 2009, p.20). Thus, my family who supplement with400 IU per day of vitamin D can enhance their immune system against the swine flu (Lininger et al. 1999, p.344).
Finally, air purifier put into the emergency box. The transmission of swine flu is through the air route when swine flu patient’s sneezing or coughing. Accounting to United States Environmental Protection Agency (2012) state that outdoor environmentis less contaminated than indoor environment, the pollutants like viruses and bacteria accumulate in the indoor environment. Thus, the air purifier associates with natural ventilation like opening the windows and door that enhance air exchange rate and reduce the pollutants at home. Besides, the air purifier can remove the viruses and bacteria. It can prevent from airborne infection like swine flu (Canadian Society of Respiratory Therapists 2004, p.27). The air purifier can reduce the risk of swine flu transmission to my family.
PART B: difficulties encountered with use of object
The difficulties in using the P2 masks are the wearing of masks and the changing the masks with my family. They may confuse with the wearing position of their masks and what situation they need to change their masks. According to Kennamer (2007, p. 82), the wearers place the P2 masks under the chin with the nosepiece up and adjust the nosepiece that prevent the air from leaking. Besides, when the masks become moist, another masks need to be changed. Moreover, the masks should not be reapplied after they have been removed (Department of Health and Ageing 2006, p.15). Besides, how to wash the hand with alcohol-based hand rub clearly may be the problem to encounter with the use of this object. According to Motacki, O’Mara and Kapoian (2011, p. 7) state that when the people use the alcohol-based hand rub to wash their hand. They must ensure all surfaces of hands and fingers that are covered with the alcohol-based product and rub their hands until dry. The alcohol-based hand rub is an effective way for my family against the infection and transmission of swine flu.
Using bleach is the common and effective disinfectant against swine flu virus but the suitable ratio of bleach and water is essential to destroy the swine flu virus.The precautions of using the bleach are also applied. According to Department of Health and Ageing (2006) recommend that the influenza virus like swine flu virus can be destroyed by 1 in 50 dilution of 5% liquid bleach. Thus, my family and I can follow the ratio of making dilution bleach to sterilize the environment surfaces at home. The precautions of using bleach are as follow: It not only uses in the well-ventilated areas but also do not mix with strong acids due to the reaction is occurring if strong acids are reacted with bleach that releases the chlorine gas which is toxic to human (Soule, Larson & Preston 1995, p. 141). Besides,people may find it difficult in reading the value of relative body temperature and sterilizing the thermometer before or after measurement. According to Allen (2006, p. 575) state that the normal body temperature varies with different people and in day time, the relative body temperature of fever is above 38.6°C. Besides, before or after using the thermometer are sterilized with antiseptic solution that reduces the risk of the transmission of swine flu.
The difficulties in using vitamin D pills are the precaution and interactions with vitamin D. If my family members suffer from the hyperparathyroidism, they should not supplement of vitamin D without consulting with pharmacist or doctor. Due to taking the vitamin D pills have side effects like headaches, weight loss, and diarrhea, my family should stop to have a vitamin D pills and consult with a physician (Lininger et al. 1999, p.344).In regard to the air purifier, where the air purifier should be installed? The air purifier should be set up in the bathroom, the bedroom, and the parlor. It can filter the swine flu virus continuously and increase the air exchange rate in the area that is higher levels of pollutants(United States Environmental Protection Agency 2012).
PART C: what additional information was needed
In the emergency box, I reject to put swine flu vaccine to my family. The currently available types of swine flu vaccines may not match the swine flu virus that breaks out in Australia due to the new strain of swine flu virus have been created (Abramson 2011, p. 151).Besides, the vaccine which is the powerful medication should be administered and stored with the specific condition or equipment. Thus, it is very difficult to store the vaccine and inject the vaccine (Plant & Watson 2008, p. 101).Besides, according to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2011) reported 81.1% of Australian without having the national level vaccination up taking of Swine flu in 2009 because they worried about the side effect of vaccine and they believed that they did not get the swine flu easily. Thus, my family rejects to have vaccination due to these reasons. Besides, I also reject to put the antiviraldrugs to my family. The antiviral drugs like Tamiflu which need a physician prescription have many side effects such as dizziness, diarrhea, and nausea (Simpson 2011, p. 21-22). Moreover, I reject to put the surgical masks into emergency box. It is because the surgical masks do not protect the transmission of pathogen through airborne route like swine flu. It only protects against the contact or droplet of the nasal or oral mucosa. Thus, I use the P2 masks instead of the surgical masks (Department of Health and Ageing 2006, p.15).
In conclusion, P2 (N95) mask, alcohol-based hand rub, chemical disinfectants, medical thermometer, vitamin D pills, and air purifier in the emergency box can protect my family and me to prevent from the infection of swine flu and live safe environment. My family and I can useP2 (N95) mask, alcohol-based hand rub, and chemical disinfectants against the transmission of swine flu virus through airborne route or physical contact. The medical thermometer and vitamin D pills are for fever which is the main symptom of swine flu and enhance the body immunity against the swine flu virus. If there is an outbreak of swine flu in Australia, my family and I can survive with the emergency box at home.
References:
Abramson, JS 2011, Inside the 2009 Influenza Pandemic, World Scientific,Massachusetts
Allen, PJ 2006, ‘Home Care Fact Sheet: Influenza’, Pediatric Nursing, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 573-578
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2011,2009 Adult Vaccination Survey-Summary results,Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Canberra
Canadian Society of Respiratory Therapists 2004, ‘Swedish Mobile Air Purification System’, Canadian Journal of Respiratory Therapy, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 27
Cannell, JJ, Vieth, R, Umhau, JC, Holick, MF, Grant, WB, Madronich, S, Garland, CF, Giovannucci, E 2006, ‘Epidemic influenza and vitamin D’, Epidemiology infection, vol. 134, pp. 1129-1140
Chin, J 2000, Control of Communicable Diseases Manual, 17th edn, American Public Health Association, Washington
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Hughes, DA, Norton, R 2009, ‘Vitamin D and respiratory health’, The Journal of Immunology, vol. 158, pp. 20-25
Kennamer, M 2007, Basic Infection Control for Health Care Providers, Thomson Delmar Learning, New York
Lininger, SW, Gaby, AR, Austin, S, Brown, DJ, Wright, JV, Duncan, A 1999, The Natural Pharmacy, 2nd edn, Healthnotes, California
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Nguyen-Van-Tama, JS, Hampsonb, AW 2003, ‘The epidemiology and clinical impact of pandemic influenza’, Vaccine, vol. 21, pp. 1762–1768
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Simpson, N 2011, ‘Tamiflu’, Pediatrics for Parents, Vol. 25, No. 9-10, pp. 21-22
Soule, BM, Larson, EL, Preston, GA 1995, Infection and Nursing Practice: Prevention and Control, Mosby, St. Louis
United States Environmental Protection Agency 2012, Remodeling Your Home? Have You Considered Indoor Air Quality?, Washington, viewed 16 December 2012
Webber, R 2009, Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Control, 3rd edn, CABI, Oxford
Worsley, MA, Ward, KA, Privett, S, Parker, L, Roberts, JM 1994, Infection Control: A community Perspective, The Infection Control Nurses Association of the British Isles, Cambridge
