DUE 2/4/22 AT 10AM
Topic: Public Health Communications
For this assignment, you will create a newsletter for public health professionals with an interest in a specific public health issue (nutrition, physical, and obesity). The newsletter must address that issue and include information about how to reach diverse stakeholders. These stakeholders may include educators, government officials, clinicians, patients, and others. Stakeholders may be diverse in background and literacy. This assignment can be approached from a clinical, administrative, academic, or research focus, but it should aim to inform, influence, and motivate behavior and policy.
Instruction.
Visit the Healthy People website and select one of the leading health indicators (LHI) from the site. Develop a newsletter related to this leading health indicator.
In the newsletter, do the following:
· Discuss the history of the topic, including trends and primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
· Analyze the role of health professionals in promoting health, including how health professionals’ roles could be increased.
· Evaluate how globalization affects global burdens of disease as it relates to this indicator.
· Analyze the effects of environmental factors on a population’s health as it relates to this indicator.
· Evaluate communication strategies for communicating about this public health issue.
. Explain how you would determine the most effective communication channel for various audience segments.
You may use a Microsoft newsletter template to complete this project if desired.
The newsletter will be graded on content, subject relevance to behavior and policy, grammar, spelling, appearance, graphics, and color use.
Review the scoring guide before developing and submitting your assignment to ensure you meet all evaluation criteria.
Additional Requirements
Your assignment should also meet the following requirements:
· Written communication: Written communication is free from errors that detract from the overall message.
· APA formatting: Your paper should demonstrate the current APA style and formatting.
· Number of resources: Include a minimum of FOUR resources, appropriately cited throughout your newsletter and in your reference list.
· Suggested length: A minimum of four typed and double-spaced pages, not including the title page, reference list, or appendices.
· Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12-point.
Please use the newsletter format. The APA formatting only applies to the references, which should be the last page of your newsletter. This is not a paper. Please do not submit narratives, that will result in very low grade.
Please use the newsletter template in Microsoft Word or other Newsletter software and do not worry about the APA formatting for the newsletter portion. Don’t worry about double spacing, etc.
I have placed 2 examples of distinguished newsletters from previous work Do Not Copy. These are for inspiration only and just in case you don’t know where to begin.
You can find newsletter templates in Microsoft Word and Publisher. Do not use this for your newsletter, this is so you have an example of what you are expected to submit. Do not use any of those example in to your work.
Include three academic references above 2017
NO CONSIDERATION FOR PLAGIARISM
APA FORMAT AND INDEX CITATION
PLEASE WRITE FROM PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE
Other resources
· Microsoft. (2018).
Newsletters.
Retrieved from https://templates.office.com/en-us/Newsletters
· Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2018).
Healthy people.
Retrieved from
https://www.healthypeople.gov/
·
https://health.gov/healthypeople
FOLLOW ALL Public Health Communications Scoring Guide TO GAIN FULL POINTS
|
CRITERIA |
NON-PERFORMANCE |
BASIC |
PROFICIENT |
DISTINGUISHED |
|
Discuss trends; primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention; and legal and regulatory approaches related to a leading health indicator. |
Does not discuss trends; primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention; and legal and regulatory approaches related to a leading health indicator. |
Discusses trends, but does not include primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention; or legal and regulatory approaches related to a leading health indicator, or the discussion is incomplete or otherwise flawed. |
Discusses trends; primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention; and legal and regulatory approaches related to a leading health indicator. |
Discusses trends; primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention; and legal and regulatory approaches related to a leading health indicator. Cites scholarly sources to support the discussion. |
|
Analyze the role of health professionals in promoting health. |
Does not analyze the role of health professionals in promoting health. |
Analyzes the role of health professionals in promoting health but the analysis is incomplete or otherwise flawed. |
Analyzes the role of health professionals in promoting health. |
Analyzes the role of health professionals in promoting health. Suggests ways health professionals can expand their role. |
|
Analyze policies that promote health outcomes and systemic changes needed to support the policies. |
Does not analyze policies that promote health outcomes and systemic changes needed to support the policies. |
Analyzes policies that promote health outcomes and systemic changes needed to support the policies, but the analysis is incomplete, inaccurate, or otherwise flawed. |
Analyzes policies that promote health outcomes and systemic changes needed to support the policies. |
Analyzes policies that promote health outcomes and systemic changes needed to support the policies. Cites scholarly sources to support the analysis. |
|
Evaluate how globalization affects global burdens of disease as it relates to a specific leading health indicator. |
Does not evaluate how globalization affects global burdens of disease as it relates to a specific leading health indicator. |
Evaluates how globalization affects global burdens of disease as it relates to a specific leading health indicator, but the evaluation is inaccurate, incomplete, or otherwise flawed. |
Evaluates how globalization affects global burdens of disease as it relates to a specific leading health indicator. |
Evaluates how globalization affects global burdens of disease as it relates to a specific leading health indicator. Cites scholarly sources to support the evaluation. |
|
Analyze, using scientific information, the effects of environmental factors on a population’s health as it relates to a specific leading health indicator. |
Does not analyze, using scientific information, the effects of environmental factors on a population’s health as it relates to a specific leading health indicator. |
Analyzes the effects of environmental factors on a population’s health as it relates to a specific leading health indicator, but the analysis is incomplete, inaccurate, or otherwise flawed. |
Analyzes, using scientific information, the effects of environmental factors on a population’s health as it relates to a specific leading health indicator. |
Analyzes, using scientific information, the effects of environmental factors on a population’s health as it relates to a specific leading health indicator. Cites scholarly sources to support the analysis. |
|
Evaluate strategies for communicating about a public health topic, including the use of effective communication channels. |
Does not evaluate strategies for communicating about a public health topic, including the use of effective communication channels. |
Evaluates strategies for communicating about a public health topic but does not include the use of effective communication channels or the evaluation is otherwise flawed. |
Evaluates strategies for communicating about a public health topic, including the use of effective communication channels. |
Evaluates strategies for communicating about a public health topic, including the use of effective communication channels. Explains why some communication channels may be more effective for some audience segments. |
|
Communicate effectively in a newsletter format. |
Does not communicate effectively in a newsletter format. |
Communicates in a newsletter format but the communication is ineffective or otherwise flawed. |
Communicates effectively in a newsletter format. |
Communicates effectively in a newsletter format and the communication is engaging and interesting. |
|
Write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics. |
Does not write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics. |
Writes clearly and logically, with mostly correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics but with frequent errors and lapses. |
Writes clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics. |
Writes clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics. Includes smooth transitions between sections of the document. |
|
Correctly format using APA style in in-text citations and references. |
Does not correctly format using APA style in in-text citations and references |
Formats using APA style in in-text citations and references, but with frequent errors and lapses. |
Correctly formats using APA style in in-text citations and references. |
Correctly formats using APA style in in-text citations and references and paraphrases appropriately. |
HISTORY
OF COMMUNITY VIOLENCE
Since 1965, homicides and suicides have been one of the top 15
leading causes of death in the United States (Dahlberg & Mercy,
2009)
.
Violence in communities continued as a public health indicator during the
s, and in 1991 homicide rates of younger males increased 154% (Centers
1980
of Disease Control and Prevention, 1994).
This trend became noticed in lower
income and vulnerable communities, and
continued to increase with the emerging
factors of child maltreatment and intimate
partner violence (Dahlberg & Mercy,
.
2009)
When reviewing trends of violent
crimes in communities, the U.S.
Department of Justice utilizes two
EDUCATION
•
Working together to
increase education aid
and resources is
essential, as well as
exploring ways to
enhance continuity
between schools and
families.
ECONOMICS AND
HOUSING
•
Investing in our economic
success creates growth,
by increasing our
workforce and
developments in our
community.
SAFETY
•
Community cohesion
with laws is important,
while increasing trust,
accountability, and public
safety improvements.
FEBRUARY 2021
PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY DESIGN
INCORPORATING KNOWLEDGE DRIVEN CONCEPTS
TO REDUCE VIOLENCE IN
COMMUNITIES
An Illustrated Newsletter Evaluating Community Violence and Health
Author: Chelsea Williams
statistical programs to measure the magnitude, nature, and impact of crime (Crime characteristics and trends, 2019). The violent crime trends provide a comprehensive analysis of this public health indicator, as well as the graph below showing violent crime offenses from 2015-2019. Even though the level of crime has declined from 2017, approximately 1,202,500 violent crimes occur every year in the United States.
|
Pre |
ventions |
|
Primary |
Efforts aim to prevent violence before occurrence. |
|
Secondary |
Focuses to treating the immediate injury and harm that results in a violent act. |
|
Tertiary |
There are a range of activities that can be accomplished to address the medium and long-term effects of violence and abuse. This includes therapy and other rehabilitation techniques. |
Prevention of Violence
(“Violent Crime”, 2019). (Meade, 2009).
Health professionals play a vital role in the intervention and prevention of violence, by ensuring proper evaluations and the use of proper health processes. Through the use of public health methods to interrupt violence and change neighborhood norms, health professionals are able to assist in prevention of community violence (“Violence is a Public Health Issue, 2018). Addressing violence with a health professional has been shown to be more socially accepted
(“What is health”, 2021).
and non-offensive, compared to other methods (Usta, et. al., 2012). Below are three important roles that health professionals play in promoting health (Morrissey, 2016).
1
1
1
|
NEIGHBORHOOD ASSISTANCE DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSING AND COMMUNITY OUTREACH TO ENHANCE SPACES FOR HEALTHY LIVING |
1 |
|
TARGETING POPULATIONS PROVIDING CITY PROGRAMS AND COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS FOR DEVELOPING AGE GROUPS |
2 |
Investing in the community structure, organization, and development should be prioritized, as well as health care initiatives in the community. Teaching and offering education in health, as well as listening to the public perspective allows for a continuity between health professionals and the community they serve. Health professionals can increase their role by cross-functioning between other initiatives, including developments in education, infrastructure, and safety. This includes advocating for underserved individuals to receive services and resource that they need, ensuring cultural competence among the vulnerable population, and reducing social isolation within the community (“Roles of community”, 2021). Within the role of a health professional is the need to review all aspects of the individual, including the mental, social, and physical health of the community as a whole.
INCREASING THE
ROLE OF HEALTH
PROFESSIONALS
Health professionals should promote community engagement by doing more than health care.
Violence affects families, communities, nations, and permeates across generations. It has become one of the leading causes of death in many areas of the world and continues to affect many areas across the globe (Mercy et., al., 2017). The three primary forms of violence when reviewing global perspectives are interpersonal violence, collective violence, and state-
PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY DESIGN FEBRUARY 2021
perpetrated violence (Mercy et., al., 2017). When discussing community violence, this relates to interpersonal violence, as it is generally a product of an individual(s) in the community.
Interpersonal Violence Collective Violence State-perpetrated Violence
|
Self-directed violence |
War |
Genocide |
|
Includes suicide |
Terrorism |
Torture |
|
Family or partner violence |
Gang Warfare |
|
|
Community violence |
(Mercy et., al., 2017)
The burdens of community violence are felt throughout the globe related to their magnitude, the nature of the crimes committed, as well as the consequences of the individuals, communities, and countries they involve. It is critical that programs and policies are put into place to address this leading health indicator. There are many consequences and affects of community violence, including risks of injury or death within the population, mental health problems, diseases and reproductive issues (Mercy et., al., 2017).
Environmental factors due to community violence enhance the overwhelming need to review strategies for assistance for this public health indicator. As seen on page 1 of this newsletter, education, economics and housing, as well as safety play key environmental roles within violent communities. Low neighborhood attachment and community disorganization, access to guns and other weapons, as well as few organized activities for youth are other environmental factors that influence the spread of community violence (“Office of mental health”, 2021).
In addition, environmental contaminants, which are present in lower-income communities and communities of violence, have been shown to lower IQ levels in the community, contributing to lower brain functions and heightened negative behavior. An example of this includes children exposed to lead early in life. These individuals suffer from a reduced IQ as well as negative impacts on cognitive function (Carpenter & Nevin, 2009). When reviewing the behavior of individuals with these
cognitive changes, there exists a shortened attention span, promotion of hyperactivity, and an increase in impulse, which can be determinants of violent behavior.
For any public health indicator, to affect change and implementation of new initiatives, communication has to be present. When looking across the history of roles for health professionals, global concerns, and environmental factors, there needs to be a level of transparency and promotion for individuals in violent communities. This starts with open lines of communication across a range of departments, organizations, and governmental entities.
Like many of the indicators, including community violence, this is preventable. The struggles exist and major obstacles need to be overcome before real change can begin. This includes communication strategies and initiatives by local, state, and federal governments, as well as the community leaders prioritizing this indicator, looking at each area that affects violence and how it can be addressed.
Any communication outlets are important for the public perception of a topic. Media is one outlet that can expose violence and provide news coverage of events that occur, showing transparency with the public. It is important for media outlets to not only highlight cases of
violence, but also reinforce what is affecting violence and discouraging the behavior (“Changing the discourse”, 2018).
One first step is ensuring community safety is covered in media coverage. More often, cases of murders and crime are communicated, but very few stories related to violence prevention and health practitioner advocacy exist.
As technology is driving our communication pathways, it is essential to consider these forms of communication when determining the most effective approach. Considering a hybrid approach between social media outlets and group discussions may assist to benefit the communication gaps and overall productive conversation regarding this topic. Using media, local and state social networks, as well as state and federal policy discussions, ways of improvement could be recognized and ultimately, initiatives could be driven by an outreaching of public understanding and equity.
Carpenter, D. O., & Nevin, R. (2009). Environmental causes of violence. Retrieved from
wp-content/uploads/2013/01/violence_lead_Nevin
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (1994). Homicides among 15-19-year-old males–United States, 1963-1991. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 43(40), 725–727.
Changing the discourse about community violence: To prevent it, we have to talk about it. (2018). Retrieved from
http://
www.bmsg.org/resources/publications/changing-the-discourse-about-community-violence-to-prevent-it-we-have
to-talk-about-it/
Crime characteristics and trends. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=93
Dahlberg, L. L., & Mercy, J. A. (2009). History of violence as a public health problem. Retrieved from https:// journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/history-violence-public-health-problem/2009-02
Hillis, S. D., Anda, R. F., Dube, S. R., Felitti, V. J., Marchbanks, P. A., & Marks, J. S. (2004). The association between adverse childhood experiences and adolescent pregnancy, long-term psychosocial consequences, and fetal death. Pediatrics, 113(2), 320–327. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.113.2.320
Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A.M., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alhamzawi, A. O., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Benjet, C., Bromet, E., Chatterji, S., de Girolamo, G., Demyttenaere, K., Fayyad, J., Florescu, S., Gal, G., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., … Williams, D. R. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science, 197(5), 378–385.
https://doi.org/10.1192/b
jp.bp.110.080499
Machtinger, E. L., Haberer, J. E., Wilson, T. C., & Weiss, D. S. (2012). Recent trauma is associated with antiretroviral failure and HIV transmission risk behavior among HIV-positive women and female-identified transgenders. AIDS and behavior, 16(8), 2160–2170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0158-5
Meade, F. (2009). Inside Out: An organisational map for primary violence prevention. Retrieved from https:// www.who.int/violenceprevention/inside_out
Mercy, J. A., Hillis, S. D., Butchart, A., Bellis, M. A., Ward, C. L., Fang, X., & Rosenberg, M. L. (2017). Interpersonal violence: Global impact and paths to prevention. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/ NBK525208/
Morrissy, J. (2016). Violence: A Community Health Approach. Retrieved from
https://www.chausa.org/publications/
health-progress/article/july-august-2016/violence-a-community-health-approach
Norton, R., & Kobusingye, O. (2013). Injuries. The New England journal of medicine, 368(18), 1723–1730. https://
doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1109343
Office of mental health. (2021). Retrieved from https://omh.ny.gov/omhweb/sv/risk.htm
PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY DESIGN FEBRUARY 2021
PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY DESIGN FEBRUARY 2021
PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY DESIGN FEBRUARY 2021
1
1
1
Roles of community health workers – RHIHUB TOOLKIT. (2021). Retrieved from https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/ toolkits/community-health-workers/1/roles
Usta, J., Antoun, J., Ambuel, B., & Khawaja, M. (2012). Involving the health care system in domestic violence: what women want. Annals of family medicine, 10(3), 213–220.
https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1336
Violence is a public health issue: Public health is essential to understanding and treating violence in the U.S. (2018).
Retrieved from
https://apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/
2019/01/28/violence-is-a-public-health-issue
Violent crime. (2019). Retrieved from https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019/topic-pages/ violent-crime
What is health? (2021). Retrieved from https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/what-is-health
1
1
1
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
November 7, 2020
Volume 1 Issue 1
Assignment 1 Public Health Communications
INSIDE THIS ISSUE
1. History of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
2. Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention
3. Role of Health Professionals
Impact of Globalization
4. Environmental Factors
Communication Strategies
5. References
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have been present globally for centuries (Baker, n.d.; Suthar, n.d.; Tampa, Sarbu, Matei, Benea, & Georgescu, 2014; Worboys, 2019). Gonorrhea and Syphilis both were discovered very early in history and were being treated by many different methods in an attempt to find the cure (Baker, n.d.; Suthar, n.d.; Tampa, et al., 2014; Worboys, 2019). Chlamydia became an issue in the 1900s and has been the most commonly reported sexually transmitted disease for decades (Worboys, 2019). The antibiotic penicillin helped to change the way STDs were viewed because there was finally a treatment that worked without the pain and inconvenience of the older, traditional methods that often did not work (Baker, n.d.; Suthar, n.d.; Tampa, et al., 2014; Worboys, 2019). Once a treatment was created, those who were sexually active felt more at ease until the 1970s when the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) appeared in the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2020a). HIV cases flooded the America with the infection rate well over the hundreds of thousands each year (CDC, 2020a). A cure has still not been discovered but there are effective prevention measures that can be used (CDC, 2020a).
History of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
|
Primary prevention is extremely important when discussing STDs because this type of prevention is sometimes the only way to stop an infection (Kisling & Das, 2020). Condom usage is a necessary method in preventing the spread of STDs as they stop bodily fluid that would infect a partner from entering the body (United States Agency for International Development [USAID], 2015). If used correctly, it can be up to 90% effective (USAID, 2015). For those who live high-risk lifestyles and are more likely to be infected with HIV, the pre-exposure prophylaxis, PrEP, should be taken on a regular basis (CDC, 2020b). PrEP is a daily pill that blocks HIV infection by stopping it on a cellular level (CDC, 2020b). Studies have shown that it is 99% effective against STD infections (CDC, 2020b). Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention |
“Condom-usage can be up 90% effective, if used correctly (USAID, 2015). When taken as directed, PrEP is 99% effective (CDC, 2020b).” |
|
Health professionals need to make sure that there is awareness about the current rise of STDs in America (CDC, 2018; CDC, 2019). Education is the key to prevention and understanding the seriousness of the situation (CDC, 2019). Organizations, such as the American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association (ASTDA), work with health professionals and academia to bridge the knowledge gap about what is being researched and how this could help health professionals moving forward with patient care and awareness (American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association [ASTDA], 2020). This biggest need for health professionals to help with a change is in the health insurance side of treatment for STDs. Right now, if a patient was tested with an assay that detected the organisms and resistance markers, reimbursement would only apply to the detection portion which is not enough money for laboratories to justify using a dual test even though it means faster results and better treatment for patients. Health professionals need to educate other health professionals about this and advocate for either better health insurance reimbursements or that the importance of these tests outweigh the costs (CDC, 2019). Role of Health Professionals |
“As more people travel throughout the world and it becomes common to do so, STDs are passed between partners who are sexually active as they travel (Shahmanesh et al., 2000).” |
|
Globalization has had a huge effect on the rates of STDs throughout the years (Shahmanesh, Shahmanesh, & Miller, 2000). Those living low socioeconomic or high-risk lifestyles often have a higher rate of STDs which continues to increase (Shahmanesh et al., 2000). As more people travel throughout the world and it becomes common to do so, STDs are passed between partners who are sexually active as they travel (Shahmanesh et al., 2000). This also causes the organisms to spread throughout the regions and for any evolution of them to occur. This mutation creates strains of the organisms that become resistant to certain common treatment methods present in the area and can make it difficult to cure patients. The more resistance that occurs in STDs makes it even more important to focus on prevention with STDs and globalization. Impact of Globalization |
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
|
Communication Strategies
Socioeconomic factors greatly affect the rates of STDs in communities (Boyer, Rivera, Chiaramonte, & Ellen, 2018; Erwin & Brownson, 2017). Race, gender, employment, education, and sexual orientation are influential in the determination of STD prevalence and likelihood of infections (Boyer et al., 2018; Erwin & Brownson, 2017). African American and Hispanic populations have much higher rates of STD infections than Caucasians (Boyer et al., 2018; CDC, 2020c). This has a lot to do with the socioeconomic barriers that these populations face such as poverty, lack of education, and fear of openly admitting their sexual orientation or behaviors (Boyer et al., 2018; CDC, 2020c). Poverty can commonly be associated with lack of education which leads to lesser paying jobs (Erwin & Brownson, 2017). This can lead to depression and riskier lifestyles involving substance abuse and sexual activities (CDC, 2020c; Erwin & Brownson, 2017). These types of behaviors increase the probability for STD infections (CDC, 2020c). It is important to explain that sexual behaviors must change in order to prevent STD infection (Boyer et al., 2018; Vega & Ghanem, 2007). Marketing campaigns that educate the public through health professional presentations, advertisements such as billboards and pamphlets, and classes that can be taken online have been provided in recent years but still the STD rates rise (CDC, 2019). Adolescents and young adults make up the highest number of those who getting new infections of STDs so effective communication to them is vital (Boyer et al., 2018; CDC, 2019). Currently, social media is the major form of communication for this age range (book). Public health professionals need to look at this as an outlet for awareness and education about the dangers of STDs and how to prevent them (Vega & Ghanem, |
2007). Social media can be utilized in different ways depending on the message that the author would like to portray to the audience (Vega & Ghanem, 2007). To reach a wider number of people on Facebook (n.d.) or Instagram (2020), a profile could be made that has daily posts that are fun and educational or interactive in some way to get the message spreading. For other sites that may not have the audience that would be interested in a profile, advertisements could be placed to at least give an outlet for more information to the people on that site. Instagram and Facebook have measured insights into the reach that each post is getting and can even give the age ranges for this data (Facebook, n.d.; Instagram, 2020). Advertisement companies record the number of clicks that an advertisement gets which would be a great way to determine if the message is getting out to the public. Communication to the public has to happen in order to change sexual behaviors and decrease the rates of STDs (Vega & Ghanem, 2007). American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association (ASTDA). (2020). Retrieved from https://www.astda.org/ Baker, A. (n.d.). Gonorrhea. AustinCC. Retrieved from https://www.austincc.edu/microbio/2704w/ng.htm Boyer, C. B., Santiago Rivera, O. J., Chiaramonte, D. M., & Ellen, J. M. (2018). Examination of Behavioral, Social, and Environmental Contextual Influences on Sexually Transmitted Infections in At Risk, Urban, Adolescents, and Young Adults. Sexually transmitted diseases, 45(8), 542–548. https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000797 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2019). STD Awareness Month: Healthcare Providers. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/std/sam/talktesttreat/providers.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020a). About HIV/AIDS. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020b). PrEP. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/prep.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020c). Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2018. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats18/default.htm Erwin, P.C. & Brownson, R.C. (2017). Scutchfield and Keck’s Principles of Public Health Practice (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Facebook. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/ Instagram. (2020) Retrieved from https://www.instagram.com/ Kisling, L.A. & Das, J.M. (2020). Prevention Strategies. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. Shahmanesh, M., Shahmanesh, M., & Miller, R. (2000). AIDS and globalization. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 76(1), 154-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.76.3.154 Suthar, R. (n.d.). Chlamydia (STD). AustinCC. Retrieved from https://www.austincc.edu/microbio/2704q/chlam.htm Tampa, M., Sarbu, I., Matei, C., Benea, V., & Georgescu, S. R. (2014). Brief history of syphilis. Journal of medicine and life, 7(1), 4–10. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3956094/ United States Agency for International Development (USAID). (2015). Condom Fact Sheet. Retrieved from https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1864/condomfactsheet Vega, M.Y. & Ghanem, K.G. (2007) STD Prevention Communication: Using Social Marketing Techniques with an Eye on Behavioral Change. In: Aral S.O., Douglas J.M. (eds) Behavioral Interventions for Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-48740-3_6 Worboys, M. (2019). The Hidden Affliction: Sexually Transmitted Infections and Infertility in History. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. References |
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
