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Create an original Microsoft Word table or chart to compare and contrast distinguishing elements or features of early Greek and Roman cultures, including illustrative or significant examples of the various features.Be sure to include elements of culture such as government and geographical terrain, economics and trade practices, art and architecture, and philosophical and religious beliefs. Your submission should be 1-2 pages in length and may be oriented in either portrait or landscape format.

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Unit Materials

Modern archaeology has helped to verify many of the stories that were passed down within Greek culture, and the Cyclades present a logical location for this cultural genesis. From about 1900 until approximately 1375 BCE, the Minoan culture, named for legendary King Minos, thrived on Crete. Minoan culture was known for establishing extensive trade routes to places as geographically removed from the island as Scandinavia and Afghanistan. They imported various precious stones and metals, including the tin that was needed to produce bronze. The culture associated the bull with the virility of men, and the sacrifice of that and other animals was common. The Minoans worshiped female deities, although the specifics of their religion remain under debate. Similarly, the reasons behind the abandonment of the palace at Knossos on Crete in about 1450 BCE also remain unknown. There are several possibilities for the abandonment, but the result was a swift occupation by the Mycenaeans of the Greek Peloponnese.

The warlike Mycenaen culture was known for defensive architecture and a feudal political structure. The architecture most associated with this culture was cyclopean masonry. The blocks of rough-hewn stone that were used in the creation of defensive walls and protective citadels were so large that the later Greeks believed that only a member of the mythical race of monsters known as Cyclopes could have built the structures. The Mycenaens’ political structure involved allegiances between lords and those protected by the local rulers. Kings influenced not only the cities they controlled, but also the surrounding area through allegiances with the lords. The protection of the lord or the king came at an expense, and a system of taxes ensured the desired level of protection would continue. This also allowed the king to obtain unusual wealth, as confirmed by archaeological excavations of elite burials where gold and silver death masks and other ornate grave goods have been uncovered. About 1100 BCE, the center of this civilization, Mycenae, fell after King Agamemnon began and then lost the Trojan War.

By 800 BCE, Greek poleis (city-states) began to develop. The rise of a truly Greek civilization happened as these city-states developed. The people of the early city-states, even the large ones, were mainly agrarian and life was centered on the production of crops. Religious beliefs assigned gods and goddesses to each area of life in which Greek people functioned, and the gods had human qualities, both positive and negative. The poleis were not geographically close to one another, and by the 8th century BCE, sanctuaries arose where people, generally men, from various poleis could gather to share important cultural elements. As city-states vied for status, the construction of ever more impressive temples developed. The early Greek civilization developed its own distinctive forms of architecture, government, art (including performing arts such as theatre, music, and dance), sculpture and painting, poetry, literature, philosophy, and religion, which were the hallmarks of the Golden Age of Athens during the 5th century BCE.

Under the rule of Alexander the Great and his father, the world saw the unification of the entire Greek empire, except for Sparta, and the gain of territory all the way to the Indus River. He stopped only when his army—after fierce battle with King Porus’ men, who were equipped with 200 elephants in the territory east of Taxila in India—refused to continue after hearing rumors that the next kingdom was ready to fight with more than 500 elephants in addition to its warriors. Alexandria, the city he named after himself in Egypt, contained nearly 1 million residents of diverse ethnic and religious backgrounds at the close of the 1st century BCE, all of whom were dedicated to commerce throughout the territory that Alexander had conquered.

Origins of Roman culture were primarily Greek and Etruscan. The Greeks had colonized areas of southern Italy and Sicily as early as the 8th century BCE. The Etruscans may have been indigenous to the northern regions of what became the center of Roman culture, or they might have come from the Near East, which was at the same time becoming known to other civilizations for its natural resources (minerals). By the 7th century BCE, the Near East was a known exporter of a variety of goods, including wine and unique pottery. The beginnings of Rome as a republic, documented by historical record, happened in 509 BCE when the Etruscan kings were expulsed and the Temple of Jupiter was dedicated. The Republic undertook military campaigns in the 3rd century BCE, as Alexander had done in the century before, to recapture the vast empire that had belonged to the Greeks. As land was conquered, veterans were given land holdings. This not only assured the veterans of a certain level of status, but it also served the Republic by ensuring the continuation of Roman culture in the area. During this time, leadership was constantly changing in the Roman Republic, and this provided much for the philosophers and writers of the day to discuss; it was often the subject of written and oral presentations.

As Augustus rose to power in 27 BCE, the divisions and social issues that had divided society under earlier leadership in the Republic were dealt with. In the Imperial period, Augustus erased distinctions between elite classes and supported the development of careers for all capable people, and this led to great change within the Senate. He promoted family life by recriminalizing adultery, requiring marriage or remarriage for people of certain ages, and taxing childless couples. Under his leadership, the arts thrived and massive public works and monuments were undertaken. Attention to the beauty and proportion of public and private buildings was a hallmark of the era. His successors continued to support the development of unique Roman cultural elements in the areas of the arts, music, religion and philosophy, literature, and architecture. It did not fade until the Middle Ages, and even then it was carried forward in areas such as architecture.

Question 1: How and why were the colonies settled after conquest?

Answer 1:

Generally, conquests in the New World were private undertakings. A capitulacion was signed between the king or queen and the conqueror, also known as a conquistador. The conquistador was then termed an adelantado. Although the adelantado was empowered by the monarch, he did not wander around the New World unchecked by a higher authority. Royal officials accompanied all of the expeditions in which capitulacions were signed. These officials promoted the crown’s interests and the insured the fulfillment of the terms agreed upon in the capitulacion.

By the subjugation of new peoples to the crown, adelaltados hoped to win royal preferment, titles, and positions. Further, by introducing the Indians to Christianity they sought to assure God’s favor as well. Although they had to find investors to fund their expedition, the possibilities in South America were endless. The settlement opportunities also afforded upward mobility to them. In other words, people who were poor or without land in Spain could find land, money, and power in South America. They could escape the relatively static social structure which predominated in Europe and ascend socially and economically in the New World. Although there were great risks, the rewards were substantial.

Question 2: Where did the French, Dutch, and English settle in the New World?

Answer 2:

The French, Dutch, and English settled in the Lesser Antilles.

The impact of settlement patterns continues to have a substantial impact on the cultures of Latin America. Settlement patterns are the reason, for example, that today there are eighteen Spanish-speaking republics, five English-speaking Caribbean nations, Portuguese-speaking Brazil, and French-speaking Haiti.

Question 3: Who were the Jesuits, and how are they significant to a study of Latin America?

Answer 3:

Ignatius of Loyola was a Spaniard who was later canonized as a saint during the Catholic Counter-Reformation. He began the Society of Jesus around 1540. The followers, or Jesuits, were soldiers of Christ and took vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. In other words, they were monastic soldiers. The group’s purpose was to go wherever the Pope directed them to go to help with the spread of Christianity. They were also scholars who opened schools and universities in the New World. The influence of Catholicism on the New World was, and remains, substantial.

Question 4: What were the levels of government established in the New World?

Answer 4:

The levels of government in the New World included five planes of regulation:

· The viceroy served as the king’s principal representative in the New World.

· Presidencias and captaincies-general were the major subdivision of the viceroyalties.

· Corregidores and alcaldes mayors administered the municipalities and other territorial divisions.

· Creoles were American-born Whites who held office in the municipal government known as the cabildo.

· Whites born in Brazil were called mazombos. If they were born in Portugal, however, they were called renois.

· Regidiores were town councilmen and were elected by land-owning citizens (although later the positions were purchased, inherited, or appointed by the king).

Question 5: What were the social classes of people in the New World?

Answer 5:

Question 6: What is meant by the term “other”?

Answer 6:

Other relates to that which is in the minority. Typically those that have voices are those who are in power. They are the ones writing history, publishing memoirs, stories, and poems. Recently, however, disenfranchised groups have found a voice and been given the opportunity to use it. The modern canon is changing today. In high school, you probably read Shakespeare, Melville, Wordsworth, Keats, Shelley and Poe. Today, however, you’ll be reading Toni Morrison, Zora Neale Hurston, Kate Chopin, Mary Shelley, Veronica Franco, Louise Labe, Mario Vargos Llosa, and the like. What’s the difference? The first group lists typically white males who were empowered and valued by other males working within the same patriarchal system. The second group includes authors who traditionally would not have found themselves and their work as prescribed reading. They represent other viewpoints and are, therefore term as Other.

In a discussion of Latin America, however, other can take on a different meaning. The shadow of the United States of America on the development and enculturation of Latin peoples is not to be overlooked, neither is the protracted history between her peoples. Much of what is continental United States territory was Hispanic land. In fact, the clash between Anglo-Americans and Ibero-Americans dates back to the 18th century. This clash continues even while the attempts at mutual cooperation and recognition have increased between the cultures.

Modern archaeology has helped to verify many of the stories that were passed down within Greek
culture, and the Cyclades present a logical location for this cultural genesis. From about 1900 until
approximately 1375 BCE, the Minoan culture, named for legen
dary King Minos, thrived on Crete.
Minoan culture was known for establishing extensive trade routes to places as geographically
removed from the island as Scandinavia and Afghanistan. They imported various precious stones
and metals, including the tin that

was needed to produce bronze. The culture associated the bull with
the virility of men, and the sacrifice of that and other animals was common. The Minoans worshiped
female deities, although the specifics of their religion remain under debate. Similarly,
the reasons
behind the abandonment of the palace at Knossos on Crete in about 1450 BCE also remain
unknown. There are several possibilities for the abandonment, but the result was a swift occupation
by the Mycenaeans of the Greek Peloponnese.

The warlike M
ycenaen culture was known for defensive architecture and a feudal political structure.
The architecture most associated with this culture was cyclopean masonry. The blocks of rough
–
hewn stone that were used in the creation of defensive walls and protective

citadels were so large
that the later Greeks believed that only a member of the mythical race of monsters known as
Cyclopes could have built the structures. The Mycenaens’ political structure involved allegiances
between lords and those protected by the l
ocal rulers. Kings influenced not only the cities they
controlled, but also the surrounding area through allegiances with the lords. The protection of the
lord or the king came at an expense, and a system of taxes ensured the desired level of protection
wo
uld continue. This also allowed the king to obtain unusual wealth, as confirmed by archaeological
excavations of elite burials where gold and silver death masks and other ornate grave goods have
been uncovered. About 1100 BCE, the center of this civilizati
on, Mycenae, fell after King
Agamemnon began and then lost the Trojan War.

By 800 BCE, Greek
poleis

(city
–
states) began to develop. The rise of a truly Greek civilization
happened as these city
–
states developed. The people of the early city
–
states, even t
he large ones,
were mainly agrarian and life was centered on the production of crops. Religious beliefs assigned
gods and goddesses to each area of life in which Greek people functioned, and the gods had human
qualities, both positive and negative. The pol
eis were not geographically close to one another, and
by the 8th century BCE, sanctuaries arose where people, generally men, from various poleis could
gather to share important cultural elements. As city
–
states vied for status, the construction of ever
mor
e impressive temples developed. The early Greek civilization developed its own distinctive forms
of architecture, government, art (including performing arts such as theatre, music, and dance),
sculpture and painting, poetry, literature, philosophy, and rel
igion, which were the hallmarks of the
Golden Age of Athens during the 5th century BCE.

Under the rule of Alexander the Great and his father, the world saw the unification of the entire
Greek empire, except for Sparta, and the gain of territory all the wa
y to the Indus River. He stopped
only when his army
—
after fierce battle with King Porus’ men, who were equipped with 200 elephants
in the territory east of Taxila in India
—
refused to continue after hearing rumors that the next kingdom
was ready to fight wi
th more than 500 elephants in addition to its warriors. Alexandria, the city he
named after himself in Egypt, contained nearly 1 million residents of diverse ethnic and religious
Modern archaeology has helped to verify many of the stories that were passed down within Greek
culture, and the Cyclades present a logical location for this cultural genesis. From about 1900 until
approximately 1375 BCE, the Minoan culture, named for legendary King Minos, thrived on Crete.
Minoan culture was known for establishing extensive trade routes to places as geographically
removed from the island as Scandinavia and Afghanistan. They imported various precious stones
and metals, including the tin that was needed to produce bronze. The culture associated the bull with
the virility of men, and the sacrifice of that and other animals was common. The Minoans worshiped
female deities, although the specifics of their religion remain under debate. Similarly, the reasons
behind the abandonment of the palace at Knossos on Crete in about 1450 BCE also remain
unknown. There are several possibilities for the abandonment, but the result was a swift occupation
by the Mycenaeans of the Greek Peloponnese.
The warlike Mycenaen culture was known for defensive architecture and a feudal political structure.
The architecture most associated with this culture was cyclopean masonry. The blocks of rough-
hewn stone that were used in the creation of defensive walls and protective citadels were so large
that the later Greeks believed that only a member of the mythical race of monsters known as
Cyclopes could have built the structures. The Mycenaens’ political structure involved allegiances
between lords and those protected by the local rulers. Kings influenced not only the cities they
controlled, but also the surrounding area through allegiances with the lords. The protection of the
lord or the king came at an expense, and a system of taxes ensured the desired level of protection
would continue. This also allowed the king to obtain unusual wealth, as confirmed by archaeological
excavations of elite burials where gold and silver death masks and other ornate grave goods have
been uncovered. About 1100 BCE, the center of this civilization, Mycenae, fell after King
Agamemnon began and then lost the Trojan War.
By 800 BCE, Greek poleis (city-states) began to develop. The rise of a truly Greek civilization
happened as these city-states developed. The people of the early city-states, even the large ones,
were mainly agrarian and life was centered on the production of crops. Religious beliefs assigned
gods and goddesses to each area of life in which Greek people functioned, and the gods had human
qualities, both positive and negative. The poleis were not geographically close to one another, and
by the 8th century BCE, sanctuaries arose where people, generally men, from various poleis could
gather to share important cultural elements. As city-states vied for status, the construction of ever
more impressive temples developed. The early Greek civilization developed its own distinctive forms
of architecture, government, art (including performing arts such as theatre, music, and dance),
sculpture and painting, poetry, literature, philosophy, and religion, which were the hallmarks of the
Golden Age of Athens during the 5th century BCE.
Under the rule of Alexander the Great and his father, the world saw the unification of the entire
Greek empire, except for Sparta, and the gain of territory all the way to the Indus River. He stopped
only when his army—after fierce battle with King Porus’ men, who were equipped with 200 elephants
in the territory east of Taxila in India—refused to continue after hearing rumors that the next kingdom
was ready to fight with more than 500 elephants in addition to its warriors. Alexandria, the city he
named after himself in Egypt, contained nearly 1 million residents of diverse ethnic and religious