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SYPHILIS

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Etiology
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum (CDC, 2021).

Epidemiology
T pallidum get into the body system during sexual contact (Hicks & Clement, 2019).
The bacteria enters the lymph nodes and blood and spread throughout the body
T. pallidum connect to blood vessels causing inflammation.
The organisms also spread to various organs causing lesions
The parasites may attack the central nervous system at any time

Transmission
Syphilis is transmitted from one person to another through contact with a syphilitic sore called Chancre (Stoltey & Cohen, 2015).
Chancres may be found in male and female genital areas, in the vagina, around the anus or rectum and in the mouth.
Syphilis is transmitted during sex; either oral, vaginal or anal
It can also be passed by pregnant mothers to their unborn children

Risk factors

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Transmission cont’d
Agent: Treponema pallidum
Reservoir: Humans
Incubation time depends on the stage (Stoltey & Cohen, 2015)
Primary syphilis :2-3 weeks
Secondary syphilis: 6-12 weeks
latent syphilis: less than 2-5 years
Tertiary syphilis: more than five years

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Clinical Manifestation
PRIMARY STAGE OF SYPHILIS: one or more
painless sores (chancre) on the genitals or in the mouth, anus, or rectum (Choudhri et al., 2018).
SECONDARY STAGE:
Red rashes on various body parts
Fever,
Headaches,
Sore throat,
Fatigue
Hair loss

Clinical Manifestation continuation
LATENT STAGE: No visible symptoms
TERTIARY STAGE
trouble moving
arms and legs
paralysis
heart condition
Damage to brain and CNS
Numbness
Blindness(Choudhri et al., 2018)

Diagnostic Test
Testing can be done on the blood, bodily fluid, and tissue samples. Some tests include:
Blood tests
Lumbar puncture: collects cerospinalfluid to detect cental nervous system damage which is a clinical manifestation of syphilis
Darkfeild Microcopy: uses a microscope to detects the syphilis germ from tissues or fluid from open sores

Treatment/ Immunization
Syphilis is treatable using antibiotics
In the early stages; A single injection of long-acting Benzathine penicillin G can treat syphilis (CDC, 2021).
For latent syphilis, doctors recommends weekly three doses of long-acting Benzathine penicillin G for unspecified period (Taylor et al., 2016)
Syphilis Treatment does not mend damage already experienced.
No vaccine available

Education/Control Measures
Avoid casual/unprotected sex
If sexually active avoid multiple partners (CDC, 2021).
Use latex condoms appropriately (NB: sores may occur in areas not covered by condom leading to transmission of syphilis)
Inform partner and avoid sex if undergoing syphilis treatment
Antenatal screening and penicillin therapy can reduce mother to child transmission during pregnancy

Questions
What is the causative agent for the syphilis disease?
What are some risk factors for the syphilis disease?

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Questions & Answers
What is the causative agent for the syphilis disease?
Treponema pallidum
What are some risk factors for the syphilis disease?
unprotected sex, sex with multiple partners, mother to child transmission

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References
CDC (2021). Syphilis – CDC Fact Sheet. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm
Choudhri, Y., Miller, J., Sandhu, J., Leon, A., & Aho, J. (2018). Sexually transmitted infections: Infectious and congenital syphilis in Canada, 2010–2015. Canada Communicable Disease Report, 44(2), 43.
Hicks, C. B., & Clement, M. (2019). Syphilis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations in HIV-uninfected patients. Edited by Jeanne Marrazzo and Jennifer Mitty. UpToDate, Wolters Kluwer, 24.
Stoltey, J. E., & Cohen, S. E. (2015). Syphilis transmission: a review of the current evidence. Sexual health, 12(2), 103-109.
Taylor, M. M., Nurse-Findlay, S., Zhang, X., Hedman, L., Kamb, M. L., Broutet, N., & Kiarie, J. (2016). Estimating benzathine penicillin need for the treatment of pregnant women diagnosed with syphilis during antenatal care in high-morbidity countries. PloS one, 11(7), e0159483.

TOPIC: Methicillin Staphylococcus Resistance Aureus (MRSA)

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