Assignment 3 – InstructionsAssignment #3: Simple Linear Regression Refresher (60 points)
Due: 11:59 pm, Sunday, February 26th, 2023
* No assignments will be accepted late without written documentation of an unavoidable or
unforeseeable event.
Why this assignment?
This assignment is intended to achieve the goal of our Module 6 learning objective, “conduct a simple
linear regression analysis to investigate and evaluate the relationship between two variables.” Students
will need to conduct a simple linear regression analysis to design a pay structure, which is the main
activity in Module 7.
Instruction
Watch the video Simple linear regression refresher in Module 6 and answer the questions on pages 3 to
7 (on this document). For this assignment, you’ll need to analyze the attached data (Dataset for
Assignment 3) using Microsoft Excel software.
Important Note
1. In Excel, ‘E’ is often used to indicate a very small decimal number. For example, 2.37E-20 is not 2.37.
2.37E-20 is 0.0000000000000000000237. How to interpret ‘E’ was explained in the video (in a yellow box
from runtime 23:14 to 23:42). Many students interpret 2.37E-20 as 2.37 and get the p-value wrong on
this assignment.
2. In writing your answers, NEVER copy and paste any part of the textbook or any other sources. Write
the answers in your own words. If more than seven consecutive words are identical to a writing from
another source (including the textbook, your past works, and any other sources), it will be considered
plagiarism, and you will receive a failing grade of “F” in this course. You will also be referred to Students
Affairs.
3. I change the numbers on the dataset every year. So, do not copy and paste the answers from the
assignments that were given out in this course in the past. In the case of your answers being the same
as the answers in the past, it will be regarded as plagiarism and behavior that violates the ‘4. Ethics’
category of the professional etiquette requirement, outlined in our syllabus. In this case, you will receive
a failing grade of “F” in this course and be referred to Students Affairs.
Grading Rubric
There is no rubric for this assignment. If you answer a question right, you’ll receive full credit assigned to
that question. If you do not answer a question right, you’ll receive 0 points for that question. The
answers to the ‘Example Question’ will be provided on page 2 of this document. How you phrase your
answers for Questions 1 to 5 should be similar. The cases that will be graded as wrong answers are also
shown in the ‘Example Question.’ Please read this carefully before you start your assignment.
1
Assignment 3 – Example Question
Example Question
For this question, use the data on the sheet Example Question in the attached Excel file (Dataset for
Assignment 3).
A researcher wanted to examine the relationship between autonomy and job satisfaction.
As in the datasheet, the researcher has collected data from 99 participants. Column B represents
autonomy, and column C represents the job satisfaction of the participants.
Conduct a simple linear regression analysis with autonomy as the independent variable (X) and job
satisfaction as the dependent variable (Y).
Example Question 1. What is the estimated linear regression equation?
Answer: Job satisfaction = 0.30 * Autonomy + 1.86
Example Question 2. What is the p-value of the slope in the simple linear regression equation?
Answer: 0.002
Example Question 3. Explain the relationship between job satisfaction and job security perception.
Answer: The job satisfaction level is expected to increase by 0.30 points as the autonomy level
increases by one point.
* Cases that will be graded as wrong answers.
– The relationship is explained but not specifically in numbers. (e.g., “There is a positive
relationship between job satisfaction and autonomy.”, “Job satisfaction level increases as the
autonomy level increases.”)
– The relationship is explained but not in an easy-to-understand English format. (e.g., when the
independent variable is gender, using a phrase like “one unit increase in gender (or female)”)
2
Assignment 3 – Question 1
Question 1 (Total of 12 points)
For this question, use the data on the sheet Question 1 in the attached Excel file (Dataset for Assignment
3).
A researcher wanted to examine the relationship between sleep hours and overall happiness level.
As in the datasheet, the researcher has collected data from 100 participants. Column B shows the
average sleep hours per day of the participants. Column C shows the overall happiness level of the
participants.
Conduct a simple linear regression analysis with the sleep hours as the independent variable and the
overall happiness level as the dependent variable.
1-1. What is the estimated simple linear regression equation? (3 points)
1-2. What is the p-value of the slope in the simple linear regression equation? (3 points)
1-3. Explain the relationship between sleep hours and overall happiness level. (3 points)
(Hint: Your answer should be, “As a person sleeps one more hour, his or her expected overall happiness
level … …”)
1-4. According to the simple linear regression equation in 1-1, what is the estimated level of overall
happiness for a person who sleeps 10 hours per day on average? (3 points)
3
Assignment 3 – Question 2
Question 2 (Total of 12 points)
For this question, use the data on the sheet Question 2 in the attached Excel file (Dataset for Assignment
3).
A researcher wanted to examine the relationship between job security perception and job satisfaction.
As in the datasheet, the researcher has collected data from 99 participants. Column B shows the job
security perception level of the participants. Column C shows the job satisfaction level of participants.
Conduct a simple linear regression analysis with the job security perception level as the independent
variable and the job satisfaction level as the dependent variable.
2-1. What is the estimated simple linear regression equation? (4 points)
2-2. What is the p-value of the slope in the simple linear regression equation? (4 points)
2-3. Explain the relationship between job security perception level and job satisfaction level. (4 points)
4
Assignment 3 – Question 3
Question 3 (Total of 12 points)
For this question, use the data on the sheet Question 3 in the attached Excel file (Dataset for Assignment
3).
A researcher wanted to see if there is a gender difference in job satisfaction.
As in the datasheet, the researcher has collected data from 100 participants. Column B shows the gender
of the participants (male = 0, female = 1). Column C shows the job satisfaction level of the participants.
Conduct a simple linear regression analysis with gender as the independent variable and job satisfaction
level as the dependent variable.
3-1. What is the estimated simple linear regression equation? (4 points)
3-2. What is the p-value of the slope in the simple linear regression equation? (4 points)
3-3. Explain the relationship between gender and job satisfaction level. Is there a gender difference in
job satisfaction? (4 points)
5
Assignment 3 – Question 4
Question 4 (Total of 12 points)
For this question, use the data on the sheet Question 4 in the attached Excel file (Dataset for Assignment
3).
Jake, the owner of Jake Automotive, wanted to examine the relationship between the number of cars
that his sales associates sold and their job satisfaction.
As in the datasheet, Jake has collected data from 49 sales associates. Column B shows the average
number of cars per month a sales associate has sold. Column C shows the job satisfaction level of a given
sales associate.
Conduct a simple linear regression analysis with # of cars sold as the independent variable and job
satisfaction as the dependent variable.
4-1. What is the estimated simple linear regression equation? (4 points)
4-2. What is the p-value of the slope in the simple linear regression equation? (4 points)
4-3. Explain the relationship between # of cars sold and job satisfaction level. (4 points)
6
Assignment 3 – Question 5
Question 5 (Total of 12 points)
For this question, use the data on the sheet Question 5 in the attached Excel file (Dataset for Assignment
3).
Kevin, the mayor of Wonderland, wanted to see if there is a gender pay gap in Wonderland.
As in the datasheet, Kevin has collected data from 70 working people in the area. Column B shows the
gender of participants (male = 0, female = 1). Column C shows the annual pay of a given participant.
Conduct a simple linear regression analysis with gender as the independent variable and annual pay as
the dependent variable.
5-1. What is the estimated simple linear regression equation? (4 points)
5-2. What is the p-value of the slope in the simple linear regression equation? (4 points)
5-3. Explain the relationship between gender and annual pay. Is there a gender pay gap in Wonderland?
If there is a gender pay gap, what is the estimated gap amount, and who (male or female workers) earns
more? (4 points)
(Hint: Your answer should be something like “Males are paid xxx dollars more (or less) annually than
females,” “Females are paid xxx dollars more (or less) annually than males,” … … Your answer should NOT
be something like “As gender (or male/female) increase by one unit, the expected pay increases by xxx
dollars.” You need to write in plain English.)
7
ID
Autonomy
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Job satisfaction
2
5
2
2
5
3
1
1
3
1
3
4
1
5
1
4
2
2
1
3
5
5
1
5
5
3
3
2
4
4
2
3
5
2
3
3
4
5
3
4
5
3
4
2
5
3
2
5
2
2
3
3
2
2
3
2
2
4
2
5
5
4
5
1
3
3
1
5
1
2
5
5
3
3
1
4
2
1
1
5
1
4
3
2
3
4
5
3
2
2
3
2
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
5
4
5
1
3
1
5
2
3
4
1
5
5
3
5
2
5
3
3
3
3
2
4
2
2
3
5
1
3
4
3
5
4
1
4
1
3
1
2
2
2
3
5
4
2
1
2
2
3
3
1
3
5
1
2
4
2
5
2
4
1
3
3
5
1
1
3
3
2
4
5
2
3
5
2
5
2
3
2
4
1
4
1
3
2
2
1
2
1
5
4
2
1
2
94
95
96
97
98
99
4
5
2
1
2
4
2
4
1
1
2
4
* Autonomy (Question: My position allows me to make independent decisions.)
1 = Strongly disagree
2 = Somewhat disagree
3 = Neither agree nor disagree
4 = Somewhat agree
5 = Strongly agree
* Job satisfaction
1 = I am very unsatisfied with my job
2 = I am unsatisfied with my job
3 = I am neither satisfied nor unsatisfied with my job
4 = I am satisfied with my job
5 = I am very satisfied with my job
ID
Sleep hours
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Overall happiness level
4.86
4.16
3.37
3.49
4.83
4.80
3.16
4.30
4.01
3.57
4.53
4.91
4.66
4.92
6.05
5.13
4.62
3.87
4.75
4.66
4.80
4.95
5.86
6.12
5.72
5.99
5.89
6.03
6.04
5.99
6.22
5.99
6.84
7.00
7.38
5.86
6.93
6.60
6.43
7.05
7.73
6.52
7.05
6.48
8.49
7.66
3
3
2
3
1
2
1
4
2
2
5
1
2
4
5
4
1
5
5
5
4
4
5
5
5
3
5
3
2
4
3
2
2
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
3
4
3
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
8.39
7.76
8.77
8.01
8.00
7.87
7.67
8.07
7.24
7.97
7.20
8.11
8.10
8.03
7.79
8.61
8.58
7.87
7.49
7.75
7.75
9.27
8.53
8.50
8.07
7.84
9.02
8.65
8.68
7.90
8.98
8.80
9.06
8.28
9.00
8.56
9.41
10.46
10.59
9.39
9.54
10.35
9.65
9.97
10.72
10.46
10.30
4
4
4
5
5
5
3
4
3
3
3
4
5
4
4
5
5
4
4
4
4
5
5
4
4
4
1
2
3
4
4
4
2
3
4
5
4
3
3
5
4
4
5
4
5
4
4
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
9.98
8.78
9.47
10.16
10.11
8.58
9.39
5
5
4
5
2
2
3
* Overall happiness level
1 = Extremely unhappy
2 = Unhappy
3 = Neither happy nor unhappy
4 = Happy
5 = Extremely happy
ID
Job security perception
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Job satisfaction
1
2
2
3
2
1
1
1
2
2
3
5
3
2
3
3
2
4
3
2
3
3
3
3
2
3
4
2
3
2
2
3
3
3
2
3
4
3
2
3
3
2
2
3
4
3
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
3
1
3
2
3
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
1
3
3
3
2
3
3
4
3
1
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
2
5
2
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
4
4
2
3
3
4
4
4
3
3
4
3
4
4
3
3
4
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
4
3
3
2
4
3
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
4
3
3
5
3
3
4
4
4
3
2
3
3
4
4
3
2
3
4
3
2
4
2
4
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
5
3
3
5
4
4
4
5
4
94
95
96
97
98
99
4
5
3
5
3
3
4
4
5
2
4
4
* Job security perception
1 = I feel that my job in this organization is very unsecure
2 = I feel that my job in this organization is unsecure
3 = I feel that my job in this organization is neither secure nor unsecure
4 = I feel that my job in this organization is secure
5 = I feel that my job in this organization is very secure
* Job satisfaction
1 = I am very unsatisfied with my job
2 = I am unsatisfied with my job
3 = I am neither satisfied nor unsatisfied with my job
4 = I am satisfied with my job
5 = I am very satisfied with my job
ID
Gender
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Job satisfaction
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
2
3
2
2
3
1
3
3
4
5
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
1
5
3
4
2
4
3
3
5
3
3
3
5
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
2
4
4
2
4
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
3
3
1
2
3
3
4
2
4
3
3
2
1
2
1
4
2
2
5
1
4
3
5
2
4
2
3
2
5
2
5
3
4
3
3
4
3
2
3
4
2
4
3
3
3
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
1
2
3
4
4
* Gender: Male = 0, Female = 1
* Job satisfaction
1 = I am very unsatisfied with my job
2 = I am unsatisfied with my job
3 = I am neither satisfied nor unsatisfied with my job
4 = I am satisfied with my job
5 = I am very satisfied with my job
ID
Average # of cars sold per month
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Job satisfaction
8.3
10.3
4.1
5.8
19.2
3.3
13.1
12.7
10.0
9.5
19.8
11.3
9.6
16.0
9.2
5.7
3.2
12.5
19.0
8.4
9.2
13.5
5.6
16.1
5.5
10.1
3.9
7.3
5.8
13.3
19.6
21.1
7.6
12.2
9.8
8.7
15.5
13.5
11.8
3.3
17.9
14.3
9.6
9.1
7.7
13.7
2
1
2
2
4
1
3
5
5
4
4
5
2
3
1
3
2
3
4
1
3
4
2
3
2
3
3
3
2
3
4
4
1
4
5
4
4
3
3
1
4
4
3
4
3
4
47
48
49
13.2
2.4
11.0
3
1
3
* Job satisfaction
1 = I am very unsatisfied with my job
2 = I am unsatisfied with my job
3 = I am neither satisfied nor unsatisfied with my job
4 = I am satisfied with my job
5 = I am very satisfied with my job
ID
Gender
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Annual pay
0 $
0 $
0 $
0 $
0 $
0 $
0 $
0 $
1 $
0 $
0 $
0 $
0 $
0 $
0 $
0 $
1 $
0 $
0 $
0 $
0 $
0 $
0 $
0 $
0 $
0 $
0 $
0 $
0 $
0 $
0 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
60,093.66
58,983.34
24,947.15
36,002.38
97,117.53
46,408.42
77,161.98
32,929.25
79,846.93
75,409.49
34,722.22
46,826.35
41,144.46
19,537.66
78,868.96
87,616.84
81,129.31
72,085.88
59,308.08
54,225.04
69,486.82
64,857.17
40,381.42
90,379.01
53,018.76
53,854.13
39,098.23
35,490.18
90,674.42
77,216.88
83,022.25
38,207.33
44,334.58
43,527.93
33,550.19
33,475.60
40,863.78
35,814.08
44,410.93
61,082.79
31,929.50
42,794.70
22,922.03
73,288.37
20,165.05
54,734.13
* Gender: Male = 0, Female = 1
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
1 $
1 $
1 $
0 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
0 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
1 $
64,467.99
48,992.48
45,214.27
47,330.97
72,566.15
46,498.77
75,734.18
56,147.28
64,019.62
67,088.62
57,282.93
32,052.75
53,684.78
44,127.15
49,173.53
48,552.42
58,599.63
34,287.70
30,997.48
45,335.16
21,626.42
24,060.20
42,613.63
37,440.64
