Unit VIII PowerPoint Presentation

 

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Cookie Business Final Presentation

Now that you have completed running some calculations for the cookie business in Unit VII, you will present your findings.The learning objectives of this project allow you to apply accounting concepts and standards to the creation of accounting information and reports.Using your final project from Unit VII as a guide, create an eight- to ten-slide PowerPoint presentation. In this presentation, you want to summarize what you found and discuss how you think these findings will help you make better business decisions. In addition, provide future recommendations for the cookie business based on your report findings.Your presentation slides should be somewhat simple (incomplete sentences, bullets, etc.) with appropriate graphics or images. You must add content to your presentation (completed sentences) through either the notes feature in PowerPoint or by creating a video of you presenting your presentation, uploading your video to YouTube, and sharing the link to your video on the first or second slide of your presentation. 

1

10

Title of the Paper Goes Here

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Student Name

Institution

ACC 5301 Management Applications of Accounting

Instructor

Date

Abstract

The contributing margin is used to compare the performance of different products and determine if they are profitable or not. It used in determining the products to put emphasis on and the product to do away with.

The present value is used to determine the current value of a future sum of money today at a specific rate of return. It is used to determine if an investment is worth investing.

Variance is used to determine the difference between standard and actual costs incurred in production. When the variance is unfavorable, the cost of production is higher than the standard cost while when the variance is favorable, the cost of production is lower than the standard cost.

Cookie Business Final Project

Contribution margin is the difference between revenue and variable costs (sales revenue- variable costs) this takes into account the net income which is obtained from net sales, variable costs, and fixed costs (Gutiérrez, 2021). The break-even point is the number of units the business needs to sell to cover fixed cost. The weighted average contribution margin is the average amount that a group of products contribute to paying the fixed costs of a business.

The variance in production is used to determine the deviation of cost incurred of production from the standard cost. This is important in developing ways to improve production and reducing wastage.

Material price variance is the difference between the standard price and the actual price for the actual quantity of material used in production. The material price variance is favorable when the standard material cost is higher than the actual material cost.

Part 1 Contribution Margin/Breakeven

Cookie Business

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chocolate Chip

Sugar

Specialty

Total

Units Sold

1,500,000

980,000

300,000

2,780,000

Sales

$ 1,875,000.00

$ 882,000.00

$ 1,050,000.00

$ 3,807,000.00

Less: Variable Costs

$ 690,000.00

$ 205,800.00

$ 81,000.00

$ 976,800.00

Contribution Margin

$ 1,185,000.00

$ 676,200.00

$ 969,000.00

$ 2,830,200.00

Less: Common Fixed Costs

 

 

 

$ 125,000.00

Profit

 

 

 

$ 2,705,200.00

 

 

 

 

 

Per item Contribution Margin

0.79

0.69

3.23

 

 

 

 

 

 

Weighted Average Contribution Margin

1.018

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Break-even point in units

959,474

 

 

 

Data in business is used to make decisions. The number of sales made determine the demand while contribution margin determines if a product is profitable which is easily calculated using the contribution margin formula. Diversification is important in business although having products that does not generate cash flow can lead the business to bankruptcy. This makes contribution margin important. Products with low contribution margin means they are not performing well and the business owner can remove it from the production line. The business owner can also decide to promote another product that is generating a high contribution margin.

Contribution margin= net sales- variable cost

Contribution margin per unit= (net sales-variable cost)/number of units sold.

Per unit contribution margin helps to compare the different products where in our case specialty has the highest contribution margin then chocolate chips and lastly sugar meaning specialty generates the highest profit and then chocolate chips while sugar generates the least profit.

The weighted average contribution margin is the average amount that a group of products contribute to paying the fixed costs of a business. This is used in breakeven analysis.

Weighted average contribution margin= total of (contribution margin for each product*number of units sold)/total number of unit sales.

The products had a weighted average contribution margin above one which means the business is profitable and is paying the fixed costs.

The break-even point is the number of units the business needs to sell to cover fixed cost as explained by Gutierrez, & Dalsted, (1990). Which failure to cover them the business results in negative net profit and negative contribution margin.

Break-even point= fixed costs/per-unit contribution margin

The company break-even point is 959474 units.

Part 2 Full and Variable Costing

Cookie Business

 

 

Productions Costs:

 

Direct material

$ 0.60

Direct labor

$ 1.00

Variable manufacturing overhead

$ 0.40

Total variable manufacturing costs per unit

$ 2.00

 

 

Fixed manufacturing overhead per year

$ 139,000.00

 

 

In addition, the company has fixed selling and administrative costs:

 

Fixed selling costs per year

$ 50,000.00

Fixed administrative costs per year

$ 65,000.00

 

 

Selling price per cookie

$ 3.75

 

 

Number of cookies produced

2,780,000

Number of cookies sold

2,600,000

 

 

Full (absorption) costing :

 

Full cost per unit

$ 2.09

Ending Inventory Full (absorption) costing

$ 376,446

 

 

Variable costing :

 

Variable cost per unit

$ 2.00

Ending Inventory Variable costing

$ 360,000

Absorption costing is used in inventory valuation and calculating the cost of the product in companies where all the expenses incurred by the company are taken into consideration. The full absorption costing is obtained by adding up all the costs incurred in the production process and allocating them to the products individually as stated by Nawaz, (2013).

Full absorption cost =direct labor cost per unit+direct material cost per unit+variable manufacturing overhead cost per unit+fixed manufacturing overhead per unit.

This gives the total cost of producing each product.

The ending inventory full absorption costing is the number of goods left as inventory in the company multiplied with the full absorption cost per unit.

The variable cost per unit only considers the variable cost of production which include direct labor cost per unit, direct material cost per unit and variable manufacturing overhead cost per unit.

This cost is used in determining the per unit cost of production and amount of inventory cost left at the end of a period.

Part 3 Special Order

Cookie Business

 

 

 

 

Number of cookies needed

1,000

Discounted price per cookie

$ 2.75

Normal price per cookie

$ 3.75

Cost of special printed design per cookie

$ 0.50

Cost of tool needed to make the design

$ 100.00

 

 

 

 

Revenue for special order

$ 2,750

Costs for special order:

 

Design cost

$ 600

Tool cost

$ 2,691

Net increase (decrease) in profit

$ 59

The special order has a cost of production of $2.09 with an additional cost of design which makes the cost of production of the 1000 products to be $2691. The net revenue from sales of the 1000 product is $2750 after discount which makes the profit to be $59 from sales of the 1000 products.

Part 4 Internal Rate of Return

Cookie Business

 

 

 

 

 

As the owner of the Cookie Business, you are considering the following investment:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Purchase of new equipment

$ 250,000.00

 

 

 

Expected annual increase in sales

$ 48,017.50

 

 

 

Time frame

7

years

 

 

Acceptable rate needed

9%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Calculate the Internal Rate of Return:

 

 

 

 

PV of annuity factor

-8116.6455

 

 

 

Internal rate of return

5%

5.206435

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Accept or reject

accept

 

 

 

The internal rate of return is a discount rate used to identify potential future investments that will be profitable. It is used to make the present value of an investment to zero. This shows the percentage return from the investment required for it to break even when adjusted for the value of time and money involved as explained by Bora, (2015). This gives the minimum acceptable return on investment. With a rate of 9 percent for 7 years the investment PV is a negative which shows that it has not yet completed paying back the amount invested.

The IRR is found to be 5% taking the time frame to be 5 years. This will ensure that the amount invested have been recovered from the profit obtained.

The transaction is biased as one of the partners is pushing for the equipment purchase with other agenda apart from one of increasing the company production. The partner wishes to promote his brother’s business. This is unethical as it will lead to purchase of the equipment with unnecessary urgency which resulted from provision of false data and information. There may be another alternative better than purchasing the equipment which might be foregone in the process of the partner promoting his brother’s business.

Part 5 Cash Budget

The budgeted credit sales are as follows:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December last year

$ 250,000

 

 

January

$ 125,000

 

 

February

$ 300,000

 

 

March

$ 90,000

 

 

 

 

 

 

Collection:

 

 

 

Month of the sale

80%

 

 

Month following the sale

20%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Estimated cash receipts

 

 

 

 

January

February

March

Last month’s sales

$ 50,000

$ 25,000

$ 60,000

Current month’s sales

$ 100,000

$ 240,000

$ 72,000

Total

$ 150,000

$ 265,000

$ 132,000

February has the highest sale and cash flow as well as having the highest credit sales. The higher the credit sales the higher the amount of cash flow that result in the company in the same month. When the previous month has high credit sale, this means that the current year sales will be boosted.

Part 6 Material and Labor Variance

Cookie Business

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Actual Cost of Direct Materials

$ 225,000

 

 

Standard Cost of Direct Materials

$ 224,800

 

 

Actual Materials Used

30

 

 

Standard Materials Used

31

 

 

 

 

 

 

Actual Direct Labor Rate

$ 15.50

 

 

Standard Labor Rate

$ 15.00

 

 

Actual Hours Worked

45

 

 

Standard Hours Worked

40

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Amount

Favorable/ Unfavorable

 

Calculate Materials Variances:

 

 

 

Materials Price Variance

$ (6,000)

unfavorable

 

Materials Quantity Variance

$ 224,800

favorable

 

 

 

 

 

Calculate Labor Variances:

 

 

 

Labor Rate Variance

$ (23)

unfavorable

 

Labor Efficiency Variance

$ (75)

unfavorable

 

The material price variance is the difference between the standard price and the actual price for the actual quantity of materials used for production. Material price variance results form price changes, poor purchasing procedures and deficiencies in price negotiation.

Material price variance= (standard price-actual price) *actual quantity

The project had a material price variance of a negative value which means it was unfavorable as more cost was incurred than the standard cost.

The material quantity variance was a positive value which is favorable as less material was used than the standard.

The labor rate variance was unfavorable as it had a negative value. the rate for labor was higher than the standard value. The labor efficiency variance was unfavorable as the actual hours worked were more than the standard hours of work. When the labor and price variance is unfavorable, the cost of production is higher than the standard and expected cost which means less profit.

Conclusions and Recommendations

The company deals with production of chocolate chip, sugar and specialty.

Variance is used to determine if the production process is operating at a cost higher than the standard cost or lower or operating at the standard cost. When the variance is unfavorable there is less profit earned as the cost of production is higher while when the variance is favorable, there is more profit as less cost is incurred in production.

The management team should focus in maintaining the material price variance, quantity variance, the labor rate and efficiency favorable so as to reduce the cost of production.

References

Bora, B. (2015). Comparison between net present value and internal rate of return. International journal of research in finance and marketing, 5(12), 61-71.

https://www.academia.edu/download/41051869/comparison_between_NPV_and_IRR

Gutiérrez, M. (2021). Making better decisions by applying mathematical optimization to cost accounting: An advanced approach to multi-level contribution margin accounting. Heliyon, 7(2), e06096.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844021002012

Gutierrez, P. H., & Dalsted, N. L. (1990). Break-even method of investment analysis (Doctoral dissertation, Colorado State University. Libraries).

https://www.extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/farmmgt/03759

Nawaz, M. (2013). An Insight Into the Two Costing Technique: Absorption Costing and Marginal Costing. BRAND. Broad Research in Accounting, Negotiation, and Distribution, 4(1), 48-61.

https://brain.edusoft.ro/index.php/brand/article/view/382

2

>CM Breakeve

n

,

00,000

0,000

00,000

80,000

90,000.00

.00

,200.00

5,000.00

74

Cookie Business
Chocolate Chip Sugar Specialty Total
Units Sold 1 5 9 8 3 2,

7
Sales $ 1,875,000.00 $ 882,000.00 $ 1,050,000.00 $ 3,807,000.00
Less: Variable Costs $

6 $ 205,800.00 $ 8

1,000 $ 976,800.00
Contribution Margin $ 1,185,000.00 $ 676,200.00 $ 969,000.00 $ 2,8

30
Less: Common Fixed Costs $

12
Profit $ 2,705,200.00
Per item Contribution Margin 0.79 0.69 3.23
Weighted Average Contribution Margin 1.018
Break-even point in units 959,

4

Full Variable

Cookie Business

9,000.00

.00

2,780,000

$ 2.00

Productions Costs:
Direct material $ 0.60
Direct labor $ 1.00
Variable manufacturing overhead $ 0.

40
Total variable manufacturing costs per unit $ 2.00
Fixed manufacturing overhead per year $

13
In addition, the company has fixed selling and administrative costs:
Fixed selling costs per year $ 50,000
Fixed administrative costs per year $ 65,000.00
Selling price per cookie $ 3.75
Number of cookies produced
Number of cookies sold 2,600,000
Full (absorption) costing :
Full cost per unit $ 2.09
Ending Inventory Full (absorption) costing $ 376,446
Variable costing :
Variable cost per unit
Ending Inventory Variable costing $ 360,000

Special Order

Cookie Business

1,000

$ 3.75

0.00

Number of cookies needed
Discounted price per cookie $ 2.75
Normal price per cookie
Cost of special printed design per cookie $ 0.50
Cost of tool needed to make the design $

10
Revenue for special order $ 2,750
Costs for special order:
Design cost $ 600
Tool cost $ 2,691
Net increase (decrease) in profit $ 59

IRR

Cookie Business

.00

n

1

7

2

3

4

21

5

18

6.6455

6

5%

351539

7

5.2064

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

As the owner of the Cookie Business, you are considering the following investment:
PV of Annuity Table
Purchase of new equipment $ 250,000 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 8% 10% 12%
Expected annual increase in sales $ 48,017.50 0.9901 0.9804 0.9709 0.96

15 0.9524 0.9434 0.9259 0.9091 0.8929
Time frame years 1.9704 1.9416 1.9135 1.8861 1.8594 1.8334 1.7833 1.7355 1.6906
Acceptable rate needed 9% 2.941 2.8839 2.8286 2.7751 2.7233 2.673 2.5771 2.4869 2.4018
3.902 3.8077 3.7171 3.6299 3.546 3.4651 3.

31 3.1699 3.0374
Calculate the Internal Rate of Return: 4.8534 4.7135 4.5797 4.

45 4.3295 4.2124 3.9927 3.7908 3.6048
PV of annuity factor -8

11 5.7955 5.60

14 5.4172 5.2421 5.0757 4.9173 4.6229 4.3553 4.1114
Internal rate of return 5.2064 6.7282 6.472 6.2303 6.0021 5.7864 5.5824 4.8684 4.5638
7.6517 7.3255 7.0197 6.7327 6.4632 6.2098 5.7466 5.3349 4.9676
Accept or reject accept 8.566 8.1622 7.7861 7.4353 7.1078 6.8017 6.2469 5.759 5.3283
9.4713 8.9826 8.5302 8.1109 7.7217 7.3601 6.7101 6.1446 5.6502
10.3676 9.7869 9.2526 8.7605 8.3064 7.8869 7.139 6.4951 5.9377
11.2551 10.5753 9.954 9.3851 8.8633 8.3838 7.5361 6.8137 6.1944
12.1337 11.3484 10.635 9.9857 9.3936 8.8527 7.9038 7.1034 6.4236
13.0037 12.1063 11.2961 10.5631 9.8986 9.295 8.2442 7.3667 6.6282
13.8651 12.8493 11.938 11.1184 10.3797 9.7123 8.5595 7.6061 6.8109

Cash Budget

Cookie Business

$ 250,000

January February March

$ 50,000

Total

The budgeted credit sales are as follows:
December last year
January $ 125,000
February $ 300,000
March $ 90,000
Collection:
Month of the sale 80%
Month following the sale 20%
Estimated cash receipts
Last month’s sales $ 25,000 $ 60,000
Current month’s sales $ 100,000 $ 240,000 $ 72,000
$ 150,000 $ 265,000 $ 132,000

Variances

Cookie Business

30

31

45

40

$ 224,800 favorable

unfavorable

unfavorable

Actual Cost of Direct Materials $ 225,000
Standard Cost of Direct Materials $ 224,800
Actual Materials Used
Standard Materials Used
Actual Direct Labor Rate $ 15.50
Standard Labor Rate $ 15.00
Actual Hours Worked
Standard Hours Worked
Amount Favorable/ Un

favorable
Calculate Materials Variances:
Materials Price Variance $ (6,000) unfavorable
Materials Quantity Variance
Calculate Labor Variances:
Labor Rate Variance $ (23)
Labor Efficiency Variance $ (75)

2

Abstract

The contributing margin is used to compare the performance of different products and

determine if they are profitable or not. It used in determining the products to put emphasis on

and the product to do away with. The present value is used to determine the current value of a

future sum of money today at a specific rate of return. It is used to determine if an investment is

worth investing. Variance is used to determine the difference between standard and actual costs

incurred in production. When the variance is unfavorable, the cost of production is higher than

the standard cost while when the variance is favorable, the cost of production is lower than the

standard cost.

3

Cookie Business Final Project

Contribution margin is the difference between revenue and variable costs (sales

revenue- variable costs) this takes into account the net income which is obtained from net sales,

variable costs, and fixed costs (Gutiérrez, 2021). The break-even point is the number of units the

business needs to sell to cover fixed cost. The weighted average contribution margin is the

average amount that a group of products contribute to paying the fixed costs of a business. The

variance in production is used to determine the deviation of cost incurred of production from

the standard cost. This is important in developing ways to improve production and reducing

wastage.

Material price variance is the difference between the standard price and the actual price

for the actual quantity of material used in production. The material price variance is favorable

when the standard material cost is higher than the actual material cost.

Part 1 Contribution Margin/Breakeven

Cookie Business

  Chocolate Chip Sugar Specialty Total

Units Sold 1,500,000 980,000 300,000 2,780,000
Sales $ 1,875,000.00 $ 882,000.00 $ 1,050,000.00 $ 3,807,000.00
Less: Variable Costs $ 690,000.00 $ 205,800.00 $ 81,000.00 $ 976,800.00
Contribution Margin $ 1,185,000.00 $ 676,200.00 $ 969,000.00 $ 2,830,200.00
Less: Common Fixed Costs $ 125,000.00
Profit $ 2,705,200.00

Per item Contribution Margin 0.79 0.69 3.23

Weighted Average
Contribution Margin

1.018

Break-even point in units

959,474

4

Data in business is used to make decisions. The number of sales made determine the

demand while contribution margin determines if a product is profitable which is easily

calculated using the contribution margin formula. Diversification is important in business

although having products that does not generate cash flow can lead the business to bankruptcy.

This makes contribution margin important. Products with low contribution margin means they

are not performing well and the business owner can remove it from the production line. The

business owner can also decide to promote another product that is generating a high

contribution margin.

Contribution margin = net sales- variable cost

Contribution margin per unit= (net sales-variable cost)/number of units sold.

Per unit contribution margin helps to compare the different products where in our case

specialty has the highest contribution margin then chocolate chips and lastly sugar meaning

specialty generates the highest profit and then chocolate chips while sugar generates the least

profit. The weighted average contribution margin is the average amount that a group of

products contribute to paying the fixed costs of a business. This is used in breakeven analysis.

Weighted average contribution margin= total of (contribution margin for each product*number

of units sold)/total number of unit sales.

The products had a weighted average contribution margin above one which means the

business is profitable and is paying the fixed costs. The break-even point is the number of units

the business needs to sell to cover fixed cost as explained by Gutierrez, & Dalsted, (1990). Which

failure to cover them the business results in negative net profit and negative contribution

margin. Break-even point= fixed costs/per-unit contribution margin. The company break-even

point is 959,474 units.

5

Part 2 Full and Variable Costing

Cookie Business

Productions Costs:
Direct material $ 0.60
Direct labor $ 1.00
Variable manufacturing overhead $ 0.40

Total variable manufacturing costs per unit $ 2.00

Fixed manufacturing overhead per year $ 139,000.00

In addition, the company has fixed selling and administrative
costs:

Fixed selling costs per year $ 50,000.00

Fixed administrative costs per year $ 65,000.00

Selling price per cookie $ 3.75

Number of cookies produced 2,780,000
Number of cookies sold 2,600,000

Full (absorption) costing :
Full cost per unit $ 2.09
Ending Inventory Full (absorption) costing $ 376,446

Variable costing :
Variable cost per unit $ 2.00
Ending Inventory Variable costing $ 360,000

Absorption costing is used in inventory valuation and calculating the cost of the product

in companies where all the expenses incurred by the company are taken into consideration. The

full absorption costing is obtained by adding up all the costs incurred in the production process

and allocating them to the products individually as stated by Nawaz, (2013).

Full absorption cost = direct labor cost per unit+direct material cost per unit+variable

manufacturing overhead cost per unit+fixed manufacturing overhead per unit. This gives the

total cost of producing each product. The ending inventory full absorption costing is the

6

number of goods left as inventory in the company multiplied with the full absorption cost per

unit.

The variable cost per unit only considers the variable cost of production which include

direct labor cost per unit, direct material cost per unit and variable manufacturing overhead cost

per unit. This cost is used in determining the per unit cost of production and amount of

inventory cost left at the end of a period.

Part 3 Special Order

Cookie Business

Number of cookies needed 1,000
Discounted price per cookie $ 2.75
Normal price per cookie $ 3.75
Cost of special printed design per cookie $ 0.50
Cost of tool needed to make the design $ 100.00

Revenue for special order $ 2,750
Costs for special order:
Design cost $ 600

Tool cost $ 2,691
Net increase (decrease) in profit $ 59

The special order has a cost of production of $2.09 with an additional cost of design

which makes the cost of production of the 1,000 products to be $2,691. The net revenue from

sales of the 1,000 product is $2,750 after discount which makes the profit to be $59 from sales

of the 1,000 products.

Part 4 Internal Rate of Return

Cookie Business

7

As the owner of the Cookie Business, you are considering the
following investment:

Purchase of new equipment $ 250,000.00
Expected annual increase in sales $ 48,017.50
Time frame 7 years
Acceptable rate needed 9%

Calculate the Internal Rate of Return:
PV of annuity factor -8116.6455
Internal rate of return 5% 5.206435

Accept or reject Accept

The internal rate of return is a discount rate used to identify potential future investments

that will be profitable. It is used to make the present value of an investment to zero. This shows

the percentage return from the investment required for it to break even when adjusted for the

value of time and money involved as explained by Bora, (2015). This gives the minimum

acceptable return on investment. With a rate of 9 percent for 7 years the investment PV is a

negative which shows that it has not yet completed paying back the amount invested.

The IRR is found to be 5% taking the time frame to be 5 years. This will ensure that the

amount invested have been recovered from the profit obtained.

The transaction is biased as one of the partners is pushing for the equipment purchase

with other agenda apart from one of increasing the company production. The partner wishes to

promote his brother’s business. This is unethical as it will lead to purchase of the equipment

with unnecessary urgency which resulted from provision of false data and information. There

may be another alternative better than purchasing the equipment which might be foregone in

the process of the partner promoting his brother’s business.

Part 5 Cash Budget

8

The budgeted credit sales
are as follows:

9

December last year $ 250,000
January $ 125,000
February $ 300,000
March $ 90,000

Collection:
Month of the sale 80%
Month following the sale 20%

Estimated cash receipts
January February March
Last month’s sales $ 50,000 $ 25,000 $ 60,000
Current month’s sales $ 100,000 $ 240,000 $ 72,000
Total $ 150,000 $ 265,000 $ 132,000

February has the highest sale and cash flow as well as having the highest credit sales.

The higher the credit sales the higher the amount of cash flow that result in the company in the

same month. When the previous month has high credit sale, this means that the current year

sales will be boosted.

Part 6 Material and Labor Variance

Cookie Business

Actual Cost of Direct Materials $ 225,000
Standard Cost of Direct Materials $ 224,800
Actual Materials Used 30
Standard Materials Used 31

Actual Direct Labor Rate $ 15.50
Standard Labor Rate $ 15.00
Actual Hours Worked 45
Standard Hours Worked 40

Amount

Favorable/
Unfavorabl
e

Calculate Materials Variances:

10

Materials Price Variance $ (6,000) Unfavorable
Materials Quantity Variance $ 224,800 Favorable

Calculate Labor Variances:

Labor Rate Variance $ (23) Unfavorable
Labor Efficiency Variance $ (75) Unfavorable

The material price variance is the difference between the standard price and the actual

price for the actual quantity of materials used for production. Material price variance results

from price changes, poor purchasing procedures and deficiencies in price negotiation.

Material price variance= (standard price-actual price) *actual quantity

The project had a material price variance of a negative value which means it was

unfavorable as more cost was incurred than the standard cost. The material quantity variance

was a positive value which is favorable as less material was used than the standard. The labor

rate variance was unfavorable as it had a negative value. The rate for labor was higher than the

standard value. The labor efficiency variance was unfavorable as the actual hours worked were

more than the standard hours of work. When the labor and price variance is unfavorable, the

cost of production is higher than the standard and expected cost which means less profit.

Conclusions and Recommendations

The company deals with production of chocolate chip, sugar and specialty. Variance is

used to determine if the production process is operating at a cost higher than the standard cost

or lower or operating at the standard cost. When the variance is unfavorable there is less profit

earned as the cost of production is higher while when the variance is favorable, there is more

profit as less cost is incurred in production. The management team should focus in maintaining

the material price variance, quantity variance, the labor rate and efficiency favorable so as to

reduce the cost of production.

11

References

Bora, B. (2015). Comparison between net present value and internal rate of return. International journal of

research in finance and marketing, 5(12), 61-71.

https://www.academia.edu/download/41051869/comparison_between_NPV_and_IRR

Gutiérrez, M. (2021). Making better decisions by applying mathematical optimization to cost accounting: An

advanced approach to multi-level contribution margin accounting. Heliyon, 7(2), e06096.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844021002012

Gutierrez, P. H., & Dalsted, N. L. (1990). Break-even method of investment analysis (Doctoral dissertation,

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